Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase
In enzymology, a linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (also Delta 6 desaturase, EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that converts between types of fatty acids, which are essential nutrients in the human body. The enzyme mainly catalyzes the chemical reaction
- linoleoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O
| linoleoyl-CoA desaturase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 1.14.19.3 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9014-34-0 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are linoleoyl-CoA, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are gamma-linolenoyl-CoA, the reduction product A, and H2O.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of O to two molecules of water. The systematic name of this enzyme class is linoleoyl-CoA,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include acyl-CoA 6-desaturase, Delta6-desaturase (D6D or Δ-6-desaturase), Delta6-fatty acyl-CoA desaturase, Delta6-acyl CoA desaturase, fatty acid Delta6-desaturase, fatty acid 6-desaturase, linoleate desaturase, linoleic desaturase, linoleic acid desaturase, linoleoyl CoA desaturase, linoleoyl-coenzyme A desaturase, and long-chain fatty acid Delta6-desaturase. This enzyme participates in linoleic acid metabolism. It employs one cofactor, iron.
The enzyme is molecularly identical across all living things. It is present in animals, plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria.[1][2]
D6D is one of the 3 fatty acid desaturases present in humans along with Δ-5 and Δ-9, named so because it was thought to desaturate bond between carbons 6 and 7, counting from carboxyl group (with the carboxyl group carbon numbered one). The number 6 in the name of the enzyme has nothing to do with omega-6 fatty acids. In humans, it is encoded by the FADS2 gene.
Molecular activity
D6D is a desaturase enzyme, i.e. introduces a double bond in a specific position of long-chain fatty acids. Among them, it converts between various forms of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids:
- primarily (in humans):
- cis-Linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
- Palmitic acid to sapienic acid
- less efficiently in humans:
- ALA to stearidonic acid, along with an elongase to provide EPA.
- Tetracosatetraenoic acid to tetracosapentaenoic acid, an intermediate step between EPA to DHA synthesis.
D6D is obligatory along with various elongases to convert to longer chain omega-3's, such as between ALA to EPA as well as EPA to DHA.[3]
GLA deficiencies in animals including humans have shown wide effects down the line -- Dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and Prostaglandin E1 deficiency. PGE1 activates T lymphocytes, inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and thrombosis, is important in gonadal function and raises cyclic AMP levels in many tissues. It also affects viability of sperm and dermatitis.[4]
Variability
6D is a long chain PUFA rate limiter, has greater affinity for ALA than for linoleic acid, nevertheless many diets have far more linoleic acid present, resulting in reduced levels of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA conversion.[5] Women tend to have higher levels of D6D due to the effects of estrogen .
Inhibiting factors
- alcohol, radiation, diabetes
Agonists
- Moderate food restriction (up to 300%)
- Low levels of Omega-3's.
Toxoplasma gondii
Felines lack D6D activity in their guts and accumulate systemic linoleic acid.[6] This increase in linoleic acid in cats has an influence in causing the sexual cycle of T. gondii to be restricted to felines, with linoleic acid stimulating T. gondii sexual reproduction.[7]
References
- Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ (January 2016). "Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances". Nutrients. 8 (1): 23. doi:10.3390/nu8010023. PMC 4728637. PMID 26742061.
- Nakamura MT, Nara TY (2004). "Structure, function, and dietary regulation of Δ6, Δ5, and Δ9 desaturases". Annual Review of Nutrition. 24: 345–376. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.121803.063211. PMID 15189125.
- Meena DK. "HUFA and PUFA: Structures, Occurrence, Biochemistry And Their Health Benefits". Aquafind Aquatic Fish Database.
- Roqueta-Rivera M, Stroud CK, Haschek WM, Akare SJ, Segre M, Brush RS, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Hess RA, Nakamura MT (February 2010). "Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation fully restores fertility and spermatogenesis in male delta-6 desaturase-null mice". Journal of Lipid Research. 51 (2): 360–367. doi:10.1194/jlr.M001180. PMC 2803238. PMID 19690334.
- Parelman MA (May 2015). "Omegas: Dissecting the Science on Omega-3 Supplements". Today's Dietitian. 17 (5): 14.
- Sinclair, A. J.; McLean, J. G.; Monger, E. A. (1979). "Metabolism of linoleic acid in the cat". Lipids. 14 (11): 932–936. doi:10.1007/BF02533508. ISSN 1558-9307. PMID 513981.
- Knoll, Laura J.; Dubey, J. P.; Wilson, Sarah K.; Genova, Bruno Martorelli Di (2019-07-01). "Intestinal delta-6-desaturase activity determines host range for Toxoplasma sexual reproduction". bioRxiv: 688580. doi:10.1101/688580.
- Okayasu T, Nagao M, Ishibashi T, Imai Y (1981). "Purification and partial characterization of linoleoyl-CoA desaturase from rat liver microsomes". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 206 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(81)90061-8. PMID 7212717.