Depressaria radiella

The parsnip moth or parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella) is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Portugal and most of the Balkan Peninsula. This species has also been introduced into New Zealand.

Depressaria radiella
Adult/moth
Larva
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Depressariidae
Genus: Depressaria
Species:
D. radiella
Binomial name
Depressaria radiella
(Goeze, 1783)[1]
Synonyms
  • Phalaena radiella Goeze, 1783
  • Haemilis pastinacella Duponchel, 1838
  • Phalaena heraclei Retzius, 1783
  • Depressaria heraclei
  • Depressaria sphondiliella Bruand, 1851
  • Depressaria ontariella Bethune, 1870
  • Depressaria caucasica Christoph, 1877
  • Depressaria obscura Dufrane, 1957
  • Depressaria marginata Dufrane, 1957
  • Depressaria lineata Dufrane, 1957

The wingspan is 19–27 millimetres (3⁄4–1 in).[2] Adults are on wing from August to (after overwintering in a sheltered place) May of the following year. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Heracleum sphondylium, Pastinaca sativa and Apium nodiflorum. They feed on the flowers and developing seeds, defending their territory by enclosing an umbel in silk, while safely metabolizing the ingested furocoumarins.[3] Pupation takes place in the main stem of the food plant.[4]

Taxonomy

Depressaria radiella is the type species of the genus Depressaria. Its scientific name has been much confused for about 200 years. A.H. Haworth, on establishing the genus Depressaria in his 1811 issues of Lepidoptera Britannica, called the eventual type species Phalaena heraclei, an unjustified emendation of P. (Tortrix) heracliana. In this he followed such entomologists of his time as A.J. Retzius, who in 1783 had believed the parsnip moth to be a species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. But in fact, this was a misidentification; Linnaeus' moth was actually the one known today as Agonopterix heracliana. To make matters worse, J. Curtis popularized another incorrect spelling, D. heracleana, apparently first introduced (as Pyralis heracleana) by J.C. Fabricius in his 1775 Systema Entomologiae.[5]

When the error of Retzius, Haworth and others was realized, it was assumed that the parsnip moth was only validly described (as Haemilis pastinacella) by P.A.J. Duponchel in 1838, and consequently it was throughout much of the 20th century known as D. pastinacella. But according to the ICZN's judgement, there already was an older valid description – that of J.A.E. Goeze, who in 1783 named the species Phalaena radiella. Thus, the correct scientific name of the type species is D. radiella.[5]

Distribution

Introduced

D. pastinacella was first known to be present in North America in 1883.[6] This species has also been recorded in New Zealand in January 2004.[7]

Interactions with hosts

Sphondin - a furanocoumarin - is a chemical produced by some plants. It deters D. pastinacella and higher amounts confer even higher host resistance. Over the time of D. pastinacella's presence in North America, parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) have evolved steadily higher amounts of sphondin production. This likely indicates coevolution with D. pastinacella.[6]

References
  1. Fauna Europaea
  2. "microlepidoptera.nl". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  3. May Berenbaum, et al. Webworms and Parsnips University of Illinois. Accessed 14 July 2015
  4. Lepidoptera of Belgium
  5. Pitkin & Jenkins (2004)
  6. Bergelson, Joy; Dwyer, Greg; Emerson, J. J. (2001). "Models and Data on Plant-Enemy Coevolution". Annual Review of Genetics. Annual Reviews. 35 (1): 469–499. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090954. ISSN 0066-4197.
  7. RJB Hoare; N Hudson (December 2018). "Adventive moths (Lepidoptera) established in mainland New Zealand: Additions and new identifications since 2001". Australian Entomologist. 45 (3): 294. ISSN 1320-6133. Wikidata Q110305107.
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