Dhimalish languages

The Dhimalish languages, Dhimal and Toto, are a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and the Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, India.

Dhimalish
Geographic
distribution
India, Nepal
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Glottologdhim1245

Classification

Hammarström, et al.[1] note in Glottolog that Dhimalish is best considered to be a separate Sino-Tibetan branch rather than as a subgroup of Brahmaputran (Sal), and consider Dhimalish as failing to show sufficient Brahmaputran diagnostic vocabulary. Sotrug (2015)[2] considers Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the Kiranti languages rather than to the Sal languages.

Grollmann & Gerber (2017)[3] consider Lhokpu to have a particularly close relationship with Dhimal and Toto.

Gerber & Grollmann (2018)[4] group Dhimal, Toto, and Lhokpu within Central-Eastern Kiranti.

Comparative vocabulary

Sanyal (1973:77–81) provides a comparative word list of Toto from Sunder (1895)[5] and George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India,[6] and Dhimal from Brian Houghton Hodgson.[7][8]

English glossToto (Sunder)Toto (Grierson)Dhimal (Hodgson)Page no.
airbingah77
asspangbu77
brotherehapu; eyolla77
bellypa-mahemang77
backju-magandi77
brinjalbengini77
birdbakhijiha77
behindno77
bloodviti77
beatsapu77
beforedongangta77
bullockpekah-dambe77
catminkiminkidankha-menko77
cockodangpakekadhangai-kai77
come quicklyto-to-wa-wangle-ledhi-dhi77
cowpikamahani-pia77
daughtermemi-chengchai-mechamdi77
deviljishang77
duckhangsahangsahangs77
diesipunasili77
dogkiakiakhia77
downlijuing77
doorlafoongduar77
eatcharchabi77
eyemichumi77
eyebrowmimu77
elephanthati77
elder sisteranna77
eveningjilong78
earnanoongnaha-thong78
farhinda-mina78
firemehmeguemau78
foreheadting-ang78
foottang-bakokoi78
fatherappaapaaba78
of fatherapak78
two fathersapa-nisa78
fishngya78
feverhaina78
goodentana78
givepicha78
girlchame78
godiswal78
go northenta-vatu78
go eastnuta-vatu78
go southleta-vatu78
go westdita-vatu78
govatu; hatuchhapurhadeli78
hairpuringpuringposhom78
hewa78
he-goatedang78
horseonyahaia78
highhinda-nina78
handkooekuikhur78
hisukooko, wang78
headpudungpudangpurin78
housesasa78
Ikug-vekateka78
ironchakachir78
jackfruitdangse79
jungle bamboo79
lipsmegoe79
legkok-koikhokoi79
limechurai79
mandeyawaved79
motheraeuaioamma79
mouthnoohgung79
monkeynokka79
milkyoti79
moontaritaritali79
morninghabkong79
nosenabboh79
nailskushing79
nearabeto79
nightlishong79
noma-koe79
orangesantra79
ourkongoking79
pigpakka79
pan leafparai79
plantaineungpi79
plantain treeeungpi79
paddymabe79
rivertihana79
rainvathi79
riceunku79
rice-beereu79
runtui79
rupeetanka79
sisteringrima79
sunsanichhanibela79
sonchungchao, chaoachau79
standlo-lo79
starpuima79
saltngi80
sitiyungyongli80
tigerkoogah80
thighvybe80
thouna-ga80
treesinge80
toothshitangsitong80
tonguelebekdetong80
upjujuntaye80
watertitichi80
wena-tekyel80
womanmem-bibeval80
wifemebe80
whohajeti-siti80
whyha-rangahaipali80
younger sistering80
yeskehe80
younaganye80
1eoochee-long80
2nih-hunegne-long80
3soongusungsum-long80
4diujidia-long80
5ngyungana-long80
6tuututu-long80
7niudunnhu-long80
8yauge, neye-long80
9kuugukuha-long80
10thauchu-tambate-long80
20chunisonisae-long-bisha81
100nakainga-kaina-long-bisha81

See also

References

  1. "Glottolog 4.4 – Kenaboi".
  2. Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.
  3. Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.
  4. Pascal Gerber; Selin Grollmann (2018). What is Kiranti? A Critical Account. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11 (2018) 99–152.
  5. Sunder, D. H. E. 1895. Survey and Settlement of Western Duars in the District of Jalpaiguri, 1889–1895.
  6. Grierson, George A. 1909. Linguistic Survey of India (Vol. III, Part I, Tibeto-Burman Family: Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects and the North Assam Group). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  7. Hodgson, Brian. 1874. Essays on the Languages, Literatures, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet. London: Truebner and Co.
  8. Hodgson, Brian Houghton. 1880. Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects (2 vols.). London: Trübner & Co.
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