Diphthera festiva

Diphthera festiva, the hieroglyphic moth, is a species of moth in the family Nolidae and is the only moth in its subfamily Diphtherinae.[1] It is found in the tropical and subtropical areas of South America (as far south as Bolivia and Brazil), Central America, North America, and the Caribbean. In North America, the species has a southeastern distribution from South Carolina west to Texas along the Gulf Coast. Strays have been recorded as far north as Michigan and Missouri.[2] The wingspan is 37–48 mm (1.5–1.9 in). This species is occasionally considered a pest on soybeans.[3] It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

Diphthera festiva
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Nolidae
Genus: Diphthera
Species:
D. festiva
Binomial name
Diphthera festiva
(Fabricius, 1775)
Synonyms
  • Bombyx festiva Fabricius, 1775
  • Phalaena hieroglyphica Cramer, [1777]
  • Diphthera elegans Hübner, [1809]
  • Noropsis fastuosa Guenée, 1852
Range map of D. festiva in North America

Identification

The hieroglyphic moth has light yellow-orange forewings with distinctive blue-black metallic lines and three rows of metallic dots parallel to the exterior margin. The hindwing is black with white fringe and the pronotum is yellow orange with three black stripes. The abdomen, legs, and filiform (threadlike) antennae are black. Males and females are alike, except for one noticeable sexual dimorphism: females have four tibial spurs on their hind legs, while males have only two.

The pupae are dark brown to black and around 1.7 cm long. They can be attached to trees or stems in rounded cocoons made of silk and small pieces of plant matter. The cocoons have a vertical exit slit characteristic of the family Nolidae.

Caterpillar

The caterpillar has a red-orange head and anal plate and a white body with black rings. There are three or four incomplete black rings per segment that end before the cream-colored underside. The spiracles look like black dots and are located in between the black rings. On some caterpillars, there are also black stripes down the length of the body. The true legs and prolegs are black, and there is an orange spot above the prolegs on each side. The larvae feed in groups and their striking patterns may be aposematic, as reported by Becker and Miller (2002): "One male was tossed towards a gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmelin), who caught it in the air, returned to its perch, tried to swallow the moth, then spit it out and cleaned its beak against the branch."[4]

Teran (1980) documented one parasitoid wasp of the family Chalcidae on a wild D. festiva caterpillar in Venezuela.[5]

The caterpillars feed mainly on Sterculiaceae, Fabaceae and Malvaceae species and can reach up to 4.5 cm in length.

Larval host plants

Host plant records include:

Other species mentioned in the literature (description from Dunford and Barbara 2008): Phyllanthus latifolius (Euphorbiaceae), Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae), Morongia leptoclada (Mimosaceae), Carya sp. (Juglandaceae), Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae), Cocos sp. (Arecaceae), Casuarina equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae), Corchorus hirsutus (Tiliaceae), and Lippia alba (Lamiaceae), and Solanum sp. (Solanaceae).[6]

Taxonomy

Formerly assigned to the family Noctuidae by Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005), recent phylogenetic and morphological analysis revealed that the hieroglyphic moth is more closely related to moths in the family Nolidae.[7] In addition to genetic similarity, D. festiva shares the main characteristic that unites Nolids: a rounded silk cocoon with plant matter woven in and a vertical exit slit. The hieroglyphic moth is now placed in its own subfamily, Diphtherinae, which is the sister group to the rest of the families within Nolidae.

References
  1. Lafontaine, J. D. & Schmidt, B. C. (2013). "Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys (264): 227–36. doi:10.3897/zookeys.264.4443. PMC 3668382. PMID 23730184.
  2. Dunford, J. C.; Barbara, K. A. (January 1, 2008). "Diphthera festiva". University of Florida. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  3. Drees, B. M.; Rice, M. E. (1990). "Population dynamics and seasonal occurrence of soybean insect pests in southeastern Texas" (PDF). Southwestern Entomologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  4. Becker, V. O.; Miller, S. E. (2002). "The large moths of Guana Island, British Virgin Islands: a survey of efficient colonizers". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 56.
  5. Teran, J. (1980) Lista preliminar de hymenoptera parasitos de otros insectos en Venezuela. Revista de Ia Facultad de Agronomia Universidad Central de Venezuela.
  6. Dyer, Lee A. (1997). "Effectiveness of caterpillar defenses against three species of invertebrate predators" (PDF). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 34 (1–4): 48–68. doi:10.5962/p.266560. S2CID 17235603. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-28.
  7. Zahiri, R.; Lafontaine, J. D.; Holloway, J. D.; Kitching, I. J.; Schmidt, B. C.; Kaila, L. & Wahlberg, N. (2013). "Major lineages of Nolidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) elucidated by molecular phylogenetics". Cladistics. 29 (4): 337–359. doi:10.1111/cla.12001. PMID 34809410. S2CID 56207549.
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