DRE voting machine

A DRE voting machine, or direct-recording electronic voting machine, records votes by means of a ballot display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter. These are typically buttons or a touchscreen; and they process data using a computer program to record voting data and ballot images in memory components. After the election, it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. The device started to be massively used in 1996 in Brazil where 100% of the elections voting system is carried out using machines.

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Voting machine.

In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.

History
Brazilian DRE voting machines

The idea of voting by push button with electrical technology used to total the votes dates back to the 19th century when Frank Wood of Boston was granted a patent on a direct-recording electrical voting machine.[1] (Thomas Edison's electrical voting system patent is sometimes cited in this regard, but it was intended for tallying roll-call votes in legislative chambers; as such, it is more like an audience response system.) The idea of electrical voting was pursued with much more vigor in the 20th century. Numerous patents were filed in the 1960s, many of them by AVM Corporation (the former Automatic Voting Machine Corporation), the company that had a near monopoly on mechanical voting machine at the time.[2]

The first direct-recording electronic voting machine to be used in a government election was the Video Voter. This was developed by the Frank Thornber Company in Chicago.[3][4] The Video Voter saw its first trial use in 1974 near Chicago, Illinois, and remained in use until 1980.[5]

Microvote and Shoup Voting Machine Corporation entered the market in the mid 1980s with the MV-464 and the Shouptronic.[6][7] Both of these machines saw widespread use; over 11,000 Shouptronic machines had been sold by 1993. In the years that followed, the rights to the Shouptronic were transferred to Guardian Voting and then to Danaher Controls, which sold it as the ELECTronic 1242.[8]

A Hart eSlate DRE voting machine with jelly buttons for people with manual dexterity disabilities

Benefits

DRE's prevent overvotes and provide immediate feedback to the voter about undervotes. They avoid ballots with ambiguous marks where voter intent can be unclear.[9]

Like electronic ballot markers, DRE's can be programmed to offer ballots in multiple languages, and they let people with disabilities vote without assistance, which would remove the anonymity of their vote. The machines can use headphones and other adaptive technology to provide accessibility.

Additionally, with DRE voting systems there is no risk of exhausting the supply of paper ballots, and they remove the need for printing paper ballots, which cost $0.10 to $0.55 per ballot,[10] though some versions print results on thermal paper, which has ongoing costs.


Issues

Skepticism about the integrity of DRE voting machines led to the creation of election forensics, which can help identify election fraud.[11]

Delays in voting

DRE's can cause more delay than paper ballots at busy times, since every voter needs access to a machine.[12] Queuing theory calculates that waits of an hour result from known variations in when voters arrive, number of voters per machine, and average time a voter spends with a machine.[13][14]

Errors
Further information: Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting, and Electronic voting in the United States § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting

Issues have included public web access to the software, before it is loaded into machines for each election, and programming errors which increment different candidates than voters select.[15]

2009 German court ruling

In 2009, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany found that with voting machines the "determination of the result must be able to be examined by the citizen reliably and without any specialist knowledge of the subject." They further found the DRE-type voting machines, used in parliamentary elections under current German law,[16] permitted voting machines but were unconstitutional without further qualification. The decision does not ban electronic voting but implements a higher standard.[17]

Demonstrated laboratory attacks

Attacks have also been performed on both DRE machines and optical scan voting machines, which count paper ballots. (See California study, "Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuBasic Interpreter"[22]).

Whether it is a DRE or an optical scan machine, the opportunity for tampering applies to persons with inside access (including government workers) and to a lesser extent, outside hackers. Therefore, framing election tampering issues as "hacking" may not be an accurate framework for public concerns. Within the context of protecting voting rights, it would not matter whether vote alteration was done by an outsider or an insider. What is of most importance is the ability to perform an audit with a record generated and verified by the voter at the time their vote is cast, all of which is lost with the sole use of these DRE systems.

See also

References
  1. Frank S. Wood, Electric voting-machine, U.S. Patent 616,174, Granted Dec. 20, 1898.
  2. Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.1, pages 93-95.
  3. Richard H. McKay, William R. Smith, and Herman Deutsch, Voting system, U.S. Patent 4,025,757, granted May 24, 1977.
  4. Richard H. McKay, Paul G. Ziebold, James D. Kirby, Douglas R. Hetzel, and James U. Snydacker, Electronic voting machine, U.S. Patent 3,793,505, granted Feb. 19, 1974.
  5. Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.2, page 96.
  6. William H. Carson, Electronic Voting Machine, U.S. Patent 4,649,264, granted Mar. 10, 1987.
  7. Robert J. Boram, Electronic voting machine and system, U.S. Patent 4,641,240, granted Feb. 3, 1987.
  8. Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2, pages 96-99.
  9. Writer, Steve Miller, Journal Staff (2006-11-07). "Oddly marked ovals bane of poll workers' day". Rapid City Journal. Archived from the original on 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-05-17.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Georgia: Perez, Edward, and Gregory Miller (March 2019). "Georgia State Election Technology Acquisition, A Reality Check". OSET Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Stewart, Charles (2011). "Voting Technologies". Annual Review of Political Science. 14: 353–378. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.053007.145205.
  12. Corasaniti, Nick; Saul, Stephanie (2020-06-11). "Georgia Havoc Raises New Doubts on Pricey Voting Machines". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  13. Edelstein, William A. (2008-01-28). "Why Computer DRE Voting Machines Cause Long Lines— Why Paper Ballot/Optical Scan Can Prevent Lines". Penn State University. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  14. Edelstein, William A. (2006-11-14). "New Voting Systems for New York - Long Lines and High Cost" (PDF). New Yorkers for Verified Voting. S2CID 59115735. Archived from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  15. Norden, Lawrence (2010-09-16). "Voting system failures: a database solution" (PDF). Brennan Center, NYU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  16. §35 of the Federal Electoral Act (Bundeswahlgesetz – BWG)
  17. German Federal Constitutional Court, Press release no. 19/2009 of 3 March 2009 Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  18. "Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine". Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  19. "Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer, a security analysis" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  20. Dutch citizens group cracks Nedap's voting computer Archived 2007-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
  21. Use of SDU voting computers banned during Dutch general elections (Heise.de, 31. October 2006) Archived September 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  22. "Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuBasic Interpreter Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine"
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