Orientation (mental)

Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person.[1] Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions. It ranges from an inability to coherently understand person, place, time, and situation, to complete orientation.

"Disorientation" redirects here. For the difference in crystallographic orientation, see Misorientation.

Assessment

Assessment of a persons mental orientation is frequently designed to evaluate the need for focused diagnosis and treatment of conditions leading to Altered Mental Status (AMS). A variety of basic prompts and tests are available to determine a person's level of orientation.[2] These tests frequently primarily assess the ability of the person (within EMS) to perform basic functions of life (see: Airway Breathing Circulation), many assessments then gauge their level of amnesia, awareness of surroundings, concept of time, place, and response to verbal, and sensory stimuli.[3][2]

Causes of mental disorientation

Disorientation has a variety of causes, physiological and mental in nature. Physiological disorientation is frequently caused by an underlying or acute condition. Disease or injury that impairs the delivery of essential nutrients such as glucose, oxygen, fluids, or electrolytes can impair homeostasis, and therefore neurological function causing mental disorientation.[4] Other causes are psycho-neurological in nature (see also Cognitive disorder) stemming from chemical imbalances in the brain, deterioration of the structure of the brain, or psychiatric states or illnesses that result in disorientation.[5][6]

Mental orientation is frequently effected by shock, including physiological shock (see: Shock circulatory) and mental shock (see: Acute stress reaction, a psychological condition in response to acute stressful stimuli.) [5]

Areas within precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobe, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral frontal, lateral temporal cortices are believed to be responsible for situational orientation.[7]

See also

References
  1. Berrios G E (1982) Disorientation States in Psychiatry. Comprehensive Psychiatry 23: 479-491
  2. Kipps, C. M.; Hodges, J. R. (2005-03-01). "Cognitive assessment for clinicians". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (suppl 1): i22–i30. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.059758. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1765683. PMID 15718218.
  3. "6.4: Assessing Mental Status". Medicine LibreTexts. 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  4. E Warren, Roderick; M Frier, Brian (7 September 2005). "Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 7 (5): 493–503. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00421.x. PMID 16050942.
  5. Australia, Healthdirect (2023-02-04). "Disorientation". www.healthdirect.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  6. "Disorientation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  7. Peer, Michael; Salomon, Roy; Goldberg, Ilan; Blanke, Olaf; Arzy, Shahar (2015-09-01). "Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (35): 11072–11077. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504242112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4568229. PMID 26283353.
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