Divan-begi
The Divan-begi[lower-alpha 2] (Persian: دیوانبیگی, romanized: Dīvān-beīgī) was a high-ranking official in Judicial system of Safavid Iran (1501–1736), who acted as chief justice of Safavid capital and all over the kingdom's courts.[5] It was the Persian form of Turkic Diwan-begi office, also known as the Imperial Chief Justice[6] or Lord High Justice.[1] Divan-begis presided over an appeals court for the kingdom,[7] except for cases involving military officers or religious officials.[8] Divan-begis had deputies to assist them.[5]
| Divan-begi | |
|---|---|
| Style | ʿĀlī-jāh (Serene Highness)[1] |
| Type | Moqarrab al-Khāqān[1] |
| Member of | Jānqī (Council of State)[1] |
| Residence | Keshīk-Khāneh, Ālī Qāpū (Royal court's Guardhouse)[1] |
| Seat | Isfahan, Safavid Iran |
| Nominator | The King[2] |
| Appointer | The King[2] |
| Term length | no fixed length[3] |
| Formation | 1501 |
| First holder | Khadem Beg Talish |
| Unofficial names | [A]Mir-e Divan Divan-begi-bashi |
| Deputy | Nāʿeb-e Dīvān-begī[4] |
| Salary | 500 tomāns (officially)[lower-alpha 1][1] |
List of Divan-begis
Reign of Ismail I
- Khadem Beg Talish (1501)[5]
- Beiram Beg Qaramanlu (1501–1514)[9]
- Husam Beg Qaramanlu[lower-alpha 3] (1514)[9]
- Amir Harun[lower-alpha 4] (1514)[9]
Reign of Tahmasp I
- Kopek Sultan Ustajlu[lower-alpha 5] (1524)[9]
- Mohammad Khan Takkalu[lower-alpha 6] (1543/4)[9]
- Ebrahim Khan[lower-alpha 4] (1541–1557)[9]
- Ma'sum Beg Safavi[lower-alpha 7] (1550)[9]
- Badhr Khan (1551)[9]
- Ebrahim Khan[lower-alpha 4] (1554–1566)[10]
Reign of Ismail II
- Ebrahim Mirza[lower-alpha 8] (1576)[10]
- Shahrokh Khan Dhu'l-Qadr (1576)[10]
Reign of Mohammad Khodabanda
- Hamzeh Khan Ustajlu (1578)[10]
- Salman Khan Ustajlu[lower-alpha 9] (1582)[10]
- Ali-qoli Khan Ustajlu[lower-alpha 10] (1585)[10]
- Ismail-qoli Khan(1586)[10]
Reign of Abbas I
- Baktash Khan Afshar[lower-alpha 6] (1588)[10]
- Khan Mohammad[lower-alpha 10] (1602/3)[10]
- Ali-qoli Khan Shamlu[lower-alpha 10] (1605–1624)[10]
- Agha Beg[lower-alpha 11] (1624–1627)[10]
- Kalb-Ali Beg (1627–1629)[10]
Reign of Safi
- Rostam Beg[lower-alpha 12] (1629–1635)[10]
- Ali-qoli Beg (1635–1642)[10]
Reign of Abbas II
- Morteza-qoli Beg Shamlu (1642–1645)[10]
- Oghurlu Beg Qajar[lower-alpha 13] (28 November 1645–1657)[10]
- Safi-qoli Beg[lower-alpha 14] (1657–1663)[10]
- Evaz Beg (1663)[11]
Reign of Suleiman I
- Abbas-qoli Beg (1663–1666)[11]
- Mohammad-qoli Khan (1666)[11]
- ?[lower-alpha 15] (1666)[11]
- Abu'l-Qasem Beg Shamlu[lower-alpha 16] (1670/1)[11]
- Mohammad-Hassan (1673)[11]
- Zeinal Khan (1680)[11]
- Rostam Beg (1691)[11]
- Musa Beg (1692–1696)[11]
Reign of Sultan Husayn
- Musa Beg (1692–1696)[11]
- Ali-Mardan Khan[lower-alpha 17] (1696)[11]
- Yar-Mohammad (1697/8)[11]
- Safi-qoli Beg (1697/8)[11]
- Levan Mirza[lower-alpha 18] (1700)[11]
- Safi-qoli Khan (1712–February 1715)[11]
- Ismail Beg (1715–1716)[11]
- Jafar Khan[lower-alpha 19] (1716)[11]
- Safi-qoli Khan[lower-alpha 20] (1716)[12]
- Mohammad-qoli Khan (1718–1720)[12]
- Rajab-Ali Beg (1720–1722)[12]
Reign of Abbas III
- Mohammad-qoli Khan[lower-alpha 21] (1732)[12]
Footnotes
Notes
- sometimes was reached to 1000, 3000 or even 6000 tomāns.[4]
- Also spelled Divan-Beigi, Divanbegi or Diwan-Begi.
- son of the previous Divan-begi
- Vali of Lar
- the King's chief deputy (Vakil) at the same time
- as Mīr-e Dīvān (Persian: میر دیوان)
- then appointed as the King's chief deputy (Vakil) and Vizier of the Safavid Empire
- the king's nephew
- then appointed as Grand Vizier of the Safavid Empire
- as Dīvān-begī-bāshī (Persian: دیوانبیگیباشی)
- former Nāʿeb-e Dīvān-begī of the previous Divan-begi
- then appointed as commanders-in-chief of Safavid Empire under name of "Rostam Khan"
- former prefect (darugha) of daftar-Khāneh (Persian: دفترخانه)
- then appointed as governor-general (beglarbeg) of Mashhad under name of "Safi-qoli Khan"
- unknown office-holder who replaced by the Mīr-āb (Persian: میر آب)
- son of Jani Beg Khan Shamlu
- then appointed as governor of Kohgiluyeh at October 1696
- also spelled as Leon Mirza[2]
- former governor of Herat
- former governor of Tabriz; then renamed to "Ali-qoli Khan" and appointed as Ṣāḥeb-nasaq (Persian: صاحبنسق); His son became prefect (darugha) of Isfahan.
- former Tupchi-bashi
References
- Savory 1996, p. 439.
- Poormohammadi Amlashi & Ansari 2014–2015, p. 55.
- Poormohammadi Amlashi & Ansari 2014–2015, p. 56.
- Khezri 2013.
- Floor 2000, p. 20.
- Abisaab 2018, p. 512.
- Bregel 2004, p. 227.
- Floor 2009.
- Floor 2000, p. 21.
- Floor 2000, p. 22.
- Floor 2000, p. 23.
- Floor 2000, p. 24.
Sources
- Abisaab, Rula Jurdi (2018). "Delivering Justice: The Monarch's 'Urfi Courts and the Shari'a in Safavid Iran". In Emon, Anver M.; Ahmed, Rumee (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 511–537. ISBN 978-0-19-967901-0.
- Bregel, Yu. (2004). "DĪWĀN-BEGI". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume XII: Supplement (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-90-04-13974-9.
- Floor, Willem (2000). "The Secular Judicial System in Safavid Persia". Studia Iranica. 29 (1): 9–60. doi:10.2143/SI.29.1.565532.
- Floor, Willem (2001). Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 1-568591-35-7.
- Floor, Willem (2009). "JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iv. JUDICIAL SYSTEM FROM THE ADVENT OF ISLAM THROUGH THE 19TH CENTURY". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
- Khezri, Ahmad-Reza (2013). دیوانبیگی [DIVAN-BEIGI]. In Haddad-Adel, Gholam-Ali (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam (in Persian). Vol. 18. Tehran: Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation. ISBN 978-600-447019-3.
- Poormohammadi Amlashi, Nasrollah; Ansari, Somayyeh (Autumn 2014 – Winter 2015). شکلگیری و عملکرد منصب دیوانبیگی در دوره صفویه [Formation and Performance of Divan Beigi Post in Safavid Era]. Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā'i (Social History Studies) (in Persian). Tehran: IHCS. 4 (8): 49–71. ISSN 2383-0492.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Nasiri, Mirza Naqi (2008). Floor, Willem (ed.). Titles & Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration. Translated by Willem Floor. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1-933823-23-2.
- Savory, Roger M. (1996). "DĪVĀNBEGĪ ii. IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 439–440. ISBN 1-568590-28-8.
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