Dobrujan Tatar alphabet
Dobrujan Tatar is mostly written in Latin script and the minority in Ukraine and Moldova uses the Cyrillic script. But there are also the Arabic and the Old Turkic script, which are actually not often used.
The Alphabet used by the Tatars in Romania
Tatar spoken in Romania has two distinct facets existing, interweaving and forming together the literary Tatar language "edebiy Tatarşa". One of these aspects is the authentic Tatar called "ğalpî Tatarşa" or "ğalpak Tatarşa" and the other is the academic Tatar language called "muwallímatşa".
- Academic Tatar language, means writing and pronouncing Arabic and Persian neologisms - occurring mostly in science, religion, literature, arts or politics - in their original form.
- Authentic Tatar language, means writing and pronouncing words, including those of Arabic and Persian origin, by strictly adapting them to the own phonetic system.
History
The Tatars in Dobruja before 20th century did use the Arabic script. In 1. June 1956 was the Latin alphabet for Dobrujan Tatar accepted,[1] there was also the letter Ț ț but it was rejected and the letter Č č was changed by Ç ç, however a different orthography is used by UDTTMR.[2] Other alphabets was used by the writer Taner Murat.[3][4] He did also use the Cyrillic script including the letters Ә, Җ, І, Ң, Ө, Ү, Ў. Also the Old Turkic script and the Perso-Arabic script, with the letter ڭ.
Latin
There are actually two versions of the Latin alphabet used for Dobrujan Tatar, one is used by UDTTMR,[2] the other one is from University of Bucharest.[4]
| Latin character | Name | Sound description and pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| A a | A | This letter represents the low unrounded RTR or hard vowel /ɑ/ as in ana [ɑṉɑ] 'mother'. |
| Á á | Hemzelí A | This letter occurring in a limited number of Arabic and Persian loanwords represents the near-low unrounded ATR or soft vowel not belonging to authentic Tatar language /æ/ as in sáát [s̶ææt̶] 'hour', 'clock'. |
| B b | Be | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiced bilabial stop /ḇ/ as in bal [ḇaḻ] 'honey' and the soft voiced bilabial stop /b̶/ as in bel [b̶el̶] 'waist'. |
| Ç ç | Çe | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /ṯ͡ʃ̱/ as in ça-ça [ṯ͡ʃ̱ɑṯ͡ʃ̱ɑ] 'cha-cha' and the soft voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /t̶͡ʃ̶/ as in çeçen [t̶͡ʃ̶et̶͡ʃ̶en̶] 'chechen'.
Common to Turkic languages, these sounds are quasi non-existent in Tatar spoken in Dobruja where they have shifted from «Ç» to «Ş». Therefore, although authentic, these sounds could be equally treated as academic. |
| D d | De | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: hard voiced dental stop /ḏ/ as in dal [ḏɑḻ] 'branch' and the soft voiced dental stop/d̶/ as in deren [d̶er̶en̶] 'deep'. |
| E e | E | This letter represents the mid unrounded ATR or soft vowel /e/ as in sen [s̶en̶] 'you'. |
| F f | Fe | This letter occurs only in loanwords for it represents sounds that do not belong to authentic Tatar language. In authentic reading the foreign sound is naturalized and the letter reads as letter «P». In academic reading it represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless labio-dental fricative [f̱] as in fal [f̱ɑḻ] 'destiny' and the soft voiceless labio-dental fricative [f̶] as in fen [f̶en̶] 'technics'. |
| G g | Ge | This letter represents the soft voiced palatal stop [ɟ̱] as in gene [ɟ̱en̶e] 'again', 'still' with its allophone the soft voiced velar stop /g/ as in gúl [gu̶l̶] 'flower', 'rose'. It also represents the hard voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/ as in gam [ʁɑm] 'grief'. |
| Ğ ğ | Ğe | The letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiced palato-alveolar affricate/ḏ͡ʒ̱/ as in ğar [ḏ͡ʒ̱ɑṟ] 'abyss' and the soft voiced palato-alveolar affricate/d̶͡ʒ̶/ as in ğer [d̶͡ʒ̶er̶] 'place', 'ground'. |
| H h | He | Representing sounds that do not belong to authentic Tatar language this letter occurs only in loanwords. Most often, in authentic reading, when it reproduces the Arabic or Persian ه it is a silent letter or, if it is located at the beginning or end of the word, the sound is usually naturalized and the letter reads as letter «K». When it reproduces ح or خ the sound is usually naturalized as /q/. In academic reading it represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless glottal fricative /h/ as in taht [ṯɑhṯ] 'throne' and the soft voiceless uvular fricative /χ/ as in heşt [χeʃ̶t̶] 'eight'. |
| I i | I | The letter represents the hight unrounded ATR or soft vowel /i/ as in biñ [b̶iŋ] 'thousand'. |
| Í í | Hemzelí I, Kîska I, Zayîf I | This letter represents the hight unrounded half-advanced ATR or soft vowel /ɨ/ as in bír [b̶ɨr̶] 'one' is specific to Tatar.
At the end of the word it is pronounced with half open mouth undergoing dilatation "Keñiytúw" and becoming mid unrounded half-advanced ATR or soft /ə/, also known as schwa, as in tílí [t̶ɨl̶ə] 'his tongue'. |
| Î î | Kalpaklî I, Tartuwlî I | This letter represents the hight unrounded RTR or hard vowel /ɯ/ as in îşan [ɯʃ̱ɑṉ] 'mouse'.
At the end of the word it is pronounced with half open mouth shifting through dilatation "Keñiytúw" to mid unrounded RTR or hard /ɤ/, close to schwa, as in şîlapşî [ʃ̱ɯḻɑp̱ʃ̱ɤ] 'trough'. |
| J j | Je | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiced palato-alveolar affricate /ʒ̱/ as in taj [ṯɑʒ̱] 'crown' and the soft voiced palato-alveolar affricate /ʒ̶/ as in bej [b̶eʒ̶] 'beige'. |
| K k | Ke | This letter represents the soft voiceless palatal stop /c/ as in kel [cel̶] 'come!' and its allophone the soft voiceless velar stop /k/ as in kól [kɵl̶] 'lake'. It also represents the hard voiceless uvular stop /q/ as in kal [qɑḻ] 'stay!'. |
| L l | Le | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard alveolar lateral aproximant /ḻ/ as in bal [ḇɑḻ] 'honey' and the soft alveolar lateral aproximant /l̶/ as in bel [b̶el̶] 'waist'. |
| M m | Me | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard bilabial nasal /m̱/ as in maga [m̱ɑʁɑ] 'to me' and the soft bilabial nasal /m̶/ as in men [m̶en̶] 'I'. |
| N n | Ne | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard dental nasal /ṉ/ as in ana [ɑṉɑ] 'mother' and the soft dental nasal /n̶/ as in ne [n̶e] 'what'. |
| Ñ ñ | Eñ, Dalgalî Ne | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard uvular nasal /ɴ/ as in añ [ɑɴ] 'conscience' and the soft velar nasal /ŋ/ as in eñ [eŋ] 'most'. |
| O o | O | This letter represents the mid rounded RTR or hard vowel /o/ as in bo [ḇo] 'this'. |
| Ó ó | Noktalî O | This letter represents the mid rounded half-advanced ATR or soft vowel /ɵ/ as in tór [t̶ɵr̶] 'background'. |
| P p | Pe | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless bilabial stap /p̱/ as in ğap [ḏ͡ʒ̱ɑp̱] 'close!' and the soft voiceless bilabial stop /p̶/ as in ğep [d̶͡ʒ̶ep̶] 'pocket'. |
| R r | Re | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard alveolar trill /ṟ/ as in tar [ṯɑṟ] 'narrow' and the soft alveolar trill /r̶/ as in ter [t̶er̶] 'sweat'. |
| S s | Se | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless alveolar fricative /s̱/ as in sal [s̱ɑḻ] 'raft' and the soft voiceless alveolar fricative /s̶/ as in sel [s̶el̶] 'flood'. |
| Ş ş | Şe | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ̱/ as in şaş [ʃ̱ɑʃ̱] 'spread!' and the soft voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ̶/ as in şeş [ʃ̶eʃ̶] 'untie'. |
| T t | Te | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiceless dental stop /ṯ/ as in tar [ṯɑṟ] 'tight', 'narrow' and the soft voiceless dental stop /t̶/ as in ter [t̶er̶] 'sweat'. |
| U u | U | This letter represents the hight rounded RTR or hard vowel /u/ as in un [uṉ] 'flour'. |
| Ú ú | Noktalî U | This letter represents the hight rounded half-advanced ATR or soft vowel /ʉ/ as in sút [s̶ʉt̶] 'milk'.
In the vicinity of semivowel y, which occurs rarely, its articulation shifts to high rounded ATR or soft /y/, close to Turkish pronunciation, as in súymek [s̶yj̶m̶ec] 'to love'. |
| V v | Ve | This letter occurs only in loanwords for it represents sounds that do not belong to authentic Tatar spoken in Romania. In authentic reading the foreign sound is naturalized and the letter reads sometimes as «W», sometimes as «B». In academic it represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiced labio-dental fricative /v̱/ as in vals [v̱ɑḻs̱] 'waltz' and the soft voiced labio-dental fricative /v̶/ as in ve [v̶e] 'and'. |
| W w | We | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard labio-velar semivowel /w̱/ as in taw [ṯɑw̱] 'forest', 'mountain' and the soft labio-velar semivowel /w̶/ as in tew [t̶ew̶] 'central', 'fundamental'. |
| Y y | Ye | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard palatal semivowel /j̠/ as in tay [ṯɑj̠] 'foal' and the soft palatal semivowel /j̶/ as in yer [j̶er̶] 'place', 'ground'. |
| Z z | Ze | This letter represents two distinctive consonantal sounds: the hard voiced alveolar fricative /ẕ/ as in taz [ṯɑẕ] 'bald' and the soft voiced alveolar fricative /z̶/ as in tez [t̶ez̶] 'quick'. |
UDTTMR version
| Letter | IPA |
|---|---|
| C c | [ʤ] |
| G g | [ɟ/ɡ] |
| Ğ ğ | [ʁ] |
| İ i | [i] |
| Ĭ ĭ | [ɨ/ə] |
| I ı | [ɯ/ɤ] |
| Ö ö | [ɵ] |
| K k | [c/k] |
| Q q | [q] |
| Ü ü | [ʉ/y] |
Cyrillic
The Cyrillic alphabet for Dobrujan Tatar is designed by Taner Murat, it includes the letters Ә, Җ, І, Ң, Ө, Ү, Ў.[3]
| Cyrillic | Name | Latin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| А а | а | A a | |
| Ә ә | ә | Á á | |
| Б б | бэ | B b | |
| В в | вэ | V v | |
| Г г | гэ | G g | |
| Д д | дэ | D d | |
| Э э | э | E e | |
| Ж ж | жэ | J j | |
| Җ җ | җэ | Ğ ğ | |
| З з | зэ | Z z | |
| И и | и | I i | |
| Й й | йэ | Y y | |
| К к | кэ | K k | |
| Л л | лэ | L l | |
| М м | мэ | M m | |
| Н н | нэ | N n | |
| Ң ң | ңэ | Ñ ñ | |
| О о | о | O o | |
| Ө ө | ө | Ó ó | |
| П п | пэ | P p | |
| Р р | рэ | R r | |
| С с | сэ | S s | |
| Т т | тэ | T t | |
| У у | у | U u | |
| Ү ү | ү | Ú ú | |
| Ў ў | ўэ | W w | |
| Ф ф | фэ | F f | |
| Х х | хэ | H h | |
| Ц ц | цэ | Ts ts | Is used when "t" follows "s", example kaytsam úyge turns to кайцам үйгэ ("If I go to home"). |
| Ч ч | чэ | Ç ç | |
| Ш ш | шэ | Ş ş | |
| Ы ы | ы | Î î | |
| І і | і | Í í | |
| Ю ю | ю | Yu yu, Yú yú | Is used when "y" follows "u" or "ú", example uyuklamak turns to уюкламак ("to sleep") or yúksek turns to юксэк ("high"). |
| Я я | я | Ya ya | Is used when "y" follows "a", example yaman turns to яман ("bad"). |
Arabic
Taner Murat[3] and also the Tatars in Dobruja before 20th century did use Arabic script, today there are not many people who use it.
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Name | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ﺍ | ﺎ | — | elip | a, á | |
| ﺀ | — | hemze | - | ||
| ﺏ | ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ | be | b, p (word-finally) |
| ﭖ | ﭗ | ﭙ | ﭘ | pe | p |
| ﺕ | ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ | te | t |
| ﺙ | ﺚ | ﺜ | ﺛ | se | s |
| ﺝ | ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ | ğim | ğ |
| ﭺ | ﭻ | ﭽ | ﭼ | şim (çim) | ş, ç |
| ﺡ | ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ | ha | -, h |
| ﺥ | ﺦ | ﺨ | ﺧ | kî (hî) | k, h |
| ﺩ | ﺪ | — | dal | d | |
| ﺫ | ﺬ | — | zel | z | |
| ﺭ | ﺮ | — | re | r | |
| ﺯ | ﺰ | — | ze | z | |
| ﮊ | ﮋ | — | je | j | |
| ﺱ | ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ | sin | s |
| ﺵ | ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ | şin | ş |
| ﺹ | ﺺ | ﺼ | ﺻ | sad | s |
| ﺽ | ﺾ | ﻀ | ﺿ | dad | d, z |
| ﻁ | ﻂ | ﻄ | ﻃ | tî | t |
| ﻅ | ﻆ | ﻈ | ﻇ | zî | z |
| ﻉ | ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ | ayîn | - |
| ﻍ | ﻎ | ﻐ | ﻏ | gayîn | g |
| ﻑ | ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ | pe (fe) | p, f |
| ﻕ | ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ | kaf | k |
| ﻙ | ﻚ | ﻜ | ﻛ | kef (kef-í arabiy) | k (g, ñ)1 |
| ﮒ | ﮓ | ﮕ | ﮔ | gef (kef-í farsiy) | g |
| ﯓ | ﯔ | ﯖ | ﯕ | nef (kef-í nuniy, sagîr kef) | ñ |
| ﻝ | ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ | lám | l |
| ﻡ | ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ | mim | m |
| ﻥ | ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ | nun | n |
| ﻭ | ﻮ | — | waw | v, w, o, ó, u, ú | |
| ﻩ | ﻪ | ﻬ | ﻫ | he | -, e, a |
| ﻻ | ﻼ | — | lám-elip | la, lá | |
| ﻯ | ﻰ | ﻴ | ﻳ | ye | y, î, í, i |
1 — The letter ﻙ (kef) was often used in place of ﮒ and ﯓ.
Old Turkic
Old Turkic script was used by Taner Murat,[3] today there are actually not many users of this script.
Vowels
| Orkhon | Yenisei variants | Trans- literation | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Text | |||
 | 𐰀 | 𐰁 𐰂 | a, ä | /ɑ/, /æ/ |
 | 𐰃 | 𐰄 | ı, i | /ɯ/, /i/ |
 | 𐰅 | 𐰅 | e | /e/ |
 | 𐰆 | 𐰆 | o, u | /o/, /u/ |
 | 𐰇 | 𐰈 | ö, ü | /ø/, /y/ |
Consonants
- Synharmonic sets
| Back vowel | Front vowel | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orkhon | Yenisei variant | Trans- literation | IPA | Orkhon | Yenisei variant | Trans- literation | IPA | ||
| Image | Text | Image | Text | ||||||
 | 𐰉 | 𐰊 | b¹ | /b/ |  | 𐰋 | 𐰌 | b² | /b/ |
 | 𐰑 | 𐰒 | d¹ | /d/ |  | 𐰓 | d² | /d/ | |
 | 𐰍 | 𐰎 | g¹ | /ɡ/ |  | 𐰏 | 𐰐 | g² | /ɡ/ |
 | 𐰞 | 𐰟 | l¹ | /l/ |  | 𐰠 | l² | /l/ | |
 | 𐰣 | n¹ | /n/ |  | 𐰤 | 𐰥 | n² | /n/ | |
 | 𐰺 | 𐰻 | r¹ | /r/ |  | 𐰼 | r² | /r/ | |
 | 𐰽 | s¹ | /s/ |  | 𐰾 | s² | /s/ | ||
 | 𐱃 | 𐱄 | t¹ | /t/ |  | 𐱅 | 𐱆 | t² | /t/ |
 | 𐰖 | 𐰗 | j¹ | /j/ |  | 𐰘 | 𐰙 | j² | /j/ |
 | 𐰴 | 𐰵 | q | /q/ |  | 𐰚 | 𐰛 | k | /k/ |
 | 𐰸 | 𐰹 | oq, uq, qo, qu, q | /oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/ |  | 𐰜 | 𐰝 | ök, ük, kö, kü, k | /øk/, /yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/ |
- Other consonantal signs
| Orkhon | Yenisei variants | Trans- literation | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Text | |||
 | 𐰲 | 𐰳 | č | /tʃ/ |
 | 𐰢 | m | /m/ | |
 | 𐰯 | p | /p/ | |
 | 𐱁 | 𐱀 𐱂[5] | š | /ʃ/ |
 | 𐰔 | 𐰕 | z | /z/ |
 | 𐰭 | 𐰮 𐰬 | ñ | /ŋ/ |
 | 𐰱 | ič, či, č | /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ | |
 | 𐰶 | 𐰷 | ıq, qı, q | /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ |
 | 𐰨 | 𐰩 | -nč | /ntʃ/ |
 | 𐰪 | 𐰫 | -nj | /ɲ/ |
 | 𐰡 | -lt | /lt/, /ld/ | |
 | 𐰦 | 𐰧 | -nt | /nt/, /nd/ |
| 𐰿 | aš | /aʃ/ | ||
| 𐱇 | ot, ut[6] | /ot/, /ut/ | ||
| 𐱈 | baš[7] | /baʃ/ | ||
Sample Text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[8]
| Latin | Cyrillic | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Bútún insanlar hak, serbestlík we hukuk bolarak bír tuwalar. Onlar akîl we wiğdan sahîbî bolalar we bírbírleríne kardaşlîk zihniyetínen dawranmalarî kerekír. | Бүтүн инсанлар хак, сэрбэстлік ўэ хукук боларак бір туўалар. Онлар акыл ўэ ўиҗдан сахыбы болалар ўэ бірбірлэрінэ кардашлык зихнийэтінэн даўранмалары кэрэкір. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
References
- Discuţia asupra problemei alfabetului limbii tătare din Dobrogea, Drimba, Vladimir (1924-2003), 1956
- Ismail H. A. Ziyaeddin; Ali Cafer Ahmet-Naci; Nida Ablez; Risa Iusein (2015). ALFABE. Constanța: Editura Imperium. p. 78. ISBN 978-606-93788-8-5.
- The translation of the book "Luceafărul" (Mihai Eminescu) by Taner Murat with this scripts
- Latin alphabet used by Taner Murat
- According to Gabain (1941)
- According to Gabain (1941), not listed in Thomsen (1893)
- According to Tekin (1968); not listed in Thomsen (1893) or Gabain (1941) ; Malov (1951) lists the sign but gives no sound value.
- https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romaniantatar.htm
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