Domenico Caracciolo

He was the son of Tommaso, Marquess of Villamaina and Capriglia,[1] two small towns in what is now the province of Avellino (then known as the 'Principato Ultra'). Born in Spain, where his father was a lieutenant colonel in the service of Philip V of Spain.[1] Educated in Naples, he began his career in the magistracy with a post as a judge in the Gran Corte della Vicaria, but he and that field proved mutually unsuited to one another, thus forcing him to broaden his horizons and begin a diplomatic career.[1]

Between 1752 and 1753, during the reign of Charles III of Spain and at the height of Bernardo Tanucci's power, he held two short consecutive posts. After this he spent decades as the Kingdom of Naples' diplomatic representative across Europe – he was envoy extraordinary to Turin from 1754 to 1764,[1] and then to London from 1764 to 1771,[1] where he became a close friend with Vittorio Alfieri, who became a father-figure to him, "a man of high wisdom and droll wit" and "more than a father in love".[1] He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1765.[2]

After Britain, Caracciolo moved to France for a diplomatic post, remaining there between 1771 and 1781.[1] There he came into close contact with the more advanced circles of the French Enlightenment[1] He was remarkably successful, so much so that his friendship was sought by figures as notable as Jacques Necker, Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach, Claude-Adrien Helvétius and Jean Baptiste d'Alembert.[1] Some of his success was down to his ability to organise parties and his undoubted ability to be assertive in Parisian circles as a "delightful conversationalist".[1]

After his time as a diplomat, Caracciolo had a high political career, spending five years as viceroy of Sicily. He was appointed to the post in May 1780 but only took it up in 1781, since he was reluctant to leave Paris for Sicily.[1] His experience of the French Enlightenment led him a policy of opening up reforms as viceroy. This brought him into open and sometimes successful conflict with the privileges of the aristocracy and clergy, in which he was supported by some of the middle class, who were more inclined to support the monarchy's moderate reform policy. For example, he had the collaboration of Naples' Inquisitor General, the reforming bishop Ventimiglia, in abolishing the Holy Office. He managed to establish new rules for the administration of justice and feudal common lands. For various reasons, including the terrible earthquakes that devastated Messina in 1783, he had to give up on what he considered the most important reform – the creation of a class in which at first sight seemed to be described and designated property by its borders, cultures and annuities, a basic and essential preliminary to a taxation feudal and ecclesiastical estates

His next and final post was as secretary of state (effectively prime minister) to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies from 1786 until his death in 1789, succeeding Giuseppe Beccadelli della Sambuca, in the post that had once belonged to his mentor Tanucci,[1] but his reforming policy came into conflict with Sir John Acton's political ascendancy in Naples.[1]