Draft lottery (1969)

The lottery of 1969 was conceived to address inequities in the draft system as existed previously, and to add more military personnel towards the Vietnam War. The United States first demonstrated interest in Vietnam in 1946 when the US supported France during the French Indo-China war. Signed in July 1954, The Geneva Accords signified the end of this conflict with the drawing of a new border along the 17th parallel, separating the Communist North and the French-controlled South, which soon became independent following the French recognizing their sovereignty; Ngô Đình Diệm becoming the prime minister.[1] The early 1960s saw a steady increase of US interest in Vietnam, with the US sending military advisors to Vietnam in 1961[1] and supporting the 1963 Diem Coup and the resulting execution of Ngô Đình Diệm.[2] On August 2, 1964, two US ships were assaulted by two North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin, a similar event was reported to have occurred two days later but was never officially confirmed; none the less both occurrences were used to justify the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to allocate US military resources to the conflict in Vietnam.[3] In 1965, with this newly granted power, President Johnson dispatched 190,000 military personnel to Vietnam, ultimately, ordering approximately 400,000 the year following.[4] This, consequently, increased the number of men being called up for the draft, jump-starting the infamous Vietnam Draft.

In the 1960s, anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S., mainly among students on college campuses and civil rights groups.[5][6] By the end of the decade, the anti-war movement included many veterans who had served in Vietnam as well as a lot of middle-class parents with draft-age sons. College students were entitled to a deferment (2-S status) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out, stopped making "normal progress" in community college (i.e., started a fifth semester before transferring to a four-year college) or graduated.[7][8][9] In 1967, the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000. The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year, and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of. Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement, believing the war to be immoral and expressing alarm at the number of African-American soldiers that were being killed.[9]

November 15, 1969, marked the largest anti-war protest in the history of the United States. It featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time.[10] Many critics at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar; when he took office, he claimed that he would begin to withdraw American troops from Vietnam. After ten months of being in office, the president had yet to start withdrawals, and U.S. citizens felt he had lied. Later, President Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House.[11][12]

After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, Congress decided that a gradual transition to an all-volunteer force was affordable, feasible, and would enhance the nation's security. On November 26, 1969, Congress abolished a provision in the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 which prevented the president from modifying the selection procedure ("... the President in establishing the order of induction for registrants within the various age groups found qualified for induction shall not effect any change in the method of determining the relative order of induction for such registrants within such age groups as has been heretofore established ..."),[13] and President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing a process of random selection.[14]

The 366 days of the year (including February 29) were printed on slips of paper.[15] These pieces of paper were then each placed in opaque plastic capsules, which were then mixed in a shoebox and then placed into a deep glass jar.[15] Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time and opened.[15]

The first number drawn was 258 (September 14), so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1.[16] The next numbers drawn corresponded to April 24, December 30, February 14, October 18, and so forth.[16] The last number drawn corresponded to June 8.[17] All men of draft age (born January 1, 1944, to December 31, 1950) who shared a birthday would be called to serve at once. The first 195 birthdays drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn; the last of these was September 24.[18]

Also on December 1, 1969, a second lottery, identical in process to the first, was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet.[19] The first letter drawn was "J", which was assigned number 1.[19] The second letter was "G", and so on, until all 26 letters were assigned numbers.[19] Among men with the same birthdate, the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last, first, and middle names.[20] An eligible man with initials "JJJ" would have been first within the shared birthdate, followed by "JGJ", "JDJ", and "JXJ"; anyone with initials "VVV" would have been last.[21]

SSS Draft scatterplot of the days of the year (horizontal) and their lottery numbers (vertical). December birthdays (far right) were assigned many low numbers (bottom), representing early induction, and few high numbers (top).

A random procedure will not distribute the lottery numbers uniformly over the months of the year, but this was what some people expected. It happened that November and December births, or numbers 306 to 366, were assigned mainly to lower draft order numbers representing earlier calls to serve. This led to complaints that the lottery was not truly random as the legislation required. Only five days in December—December 2, 12, 15, 17, and 19—were higher than the last call number of 195. Had the days been evenly distributed, 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled. From January to December, the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5, 4, 1, 3, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 7, 11, and 12. A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1–12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09%.[22] An analysis of the procedure suggested that "The capsules were put in a box month by month, January through December, and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing".[20]

The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated further resistance to military service. Those who resisted were generally young, well-educated, healthy men. Reluctance to serve in Vietnam led many young men to try to join the National Guard, state-based military reserve forces, as they were aware that the National Guard would be less likely to send soldiers to the war in Vietnam.[23]^{p. 51} Many men were unable to join the National Guard even though they had passed their physicals, because many state National Guards had long waiting lists to enlist.[23]^{p. 51.} Others chose to serve in military branches like the Navy or the Coast Guard as to avoid active combat.[23]^{p. 54} Still other men chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment,[23]^{p. 62} showing their disapproval by illegally burning their draft cards or draft letters,[23]^{p. 63} or simply not presenting themselves for military service. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada.[23]^{p. 71}

The 1960s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement,[24] and all over the United States, people decried discrimination by the draft system "against low-education, low-income, underprivileged members of society".[25] The lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow.[26]

For the draft lottery held on July 1, 1970 (which covered 1951 birthdates for use during 1971, and is sometimes called the 1971 draft), scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables.[27] From the 78 permutations, 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1, 2 = January 2, ... 365 = December 31. Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. Twenty-five more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars. The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System.[27]

On June 2, an official picked two envelopes, thus one calendar and one raw permutation. The 365 birthdates (for 1951) were written down, placed in capsules, and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar. Similarly, the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation.[27]

On July 1, the drawing date, one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half-hour (its rotating mechanism failed).[27] Pairs of capsules were then drawn, one from each drum, one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366. The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139, so all men born September 16, 1951, were assigned draft number 139. The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1, so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first.[27]

Draft lotteries were conducted again from 1971 to 1975 (for 1952 to 1956 births). The birth year of 1952 was the last draftees, with the assigned number 95 being the last number drafted, which represented those born on July 20, 1952. The draft numbers issued from 1972 to 1975 were not used to call any men into service as the last draft call was on December 7, and authority to induct expired July 1, 1973.[21] They were used, however, to call some men born from 1953 to 1956 for armed forces physical examinations. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976).[21] Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military.[28]

In the present, not much has changed regarding how the draft would be conducted if it were required in the future. The Selective Service Committee, which presides over draft procedures, has stored the large tumbler that holds all the numbers and dates that would be drawn to select candidates, and the only obvious change between the method of the past and the present is that instead of using pieces of paper in blue capsules, the SSC now uses ping-pong balls with the dates and numbers on them.[29]

• Conscription in the United States

• Landscaper.net (2009). The Military Draft and 1969 Draft Lottery for the Vietnam War. Last modified 2009-03-24. Confirmed 2011-05-26. — contemporary news stories, images of Official Orders (call to physical exam, call to report), lottery results, Draft Board classifications, Vietnam troop levels, induction statistics 1917–73.
• David Lane (2003). Introduction to Graphs: Clearing Up the Draft with Graphs. Connexions. 18 July 2003. Confirmed 2011-05-26. — list of draft ranks, additional analysis.
• Selective Service System (2009). The Vietnam Lotteries. SSS: History and Records. Last updated 2015-09-19.
• Norton Starr Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (1997). "Nonrandom Risk: The 1970 Draft Lottery" Archived 2005-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 (1997). Confirmed 2011-05-26. — The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data.
• Fienberg, S. E. (1971). "Randomization and Social Affairs: The 1970 Draft Lottery". Science. 171 (3968): 255–261. Bibcode:1971Sci...171..255F. doi:10.1126/science.171.3968.255. PMID 17736218. S2CID 26734759.
• Rosenbaum, David E. (4 January 1970). "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". New York Times. p. 66.