Eastern Committee

The Eastern Committee (EC) was an interdepartmental committee of the War Cabinet of the British Government, created towards the end of World War I. Its function was to formulate a coherent Middle East policy, resolving conflicting visions of involved departments. Its creation was approved by the War Cabinet on 11 March 1918 and it held its first of 49 meetings on 28 March 1918.

It discussed the strategy Great Britain would follow at the planned after-war peace conference and the goals to achieve in the East, in order to protect its imperial interests.

While the formation of a new department in place of the Committee was blocked, it failed to bridge the conflicting interests of the competing ministers and departments. It remained in function until January 1919.

History

In March 1917, the War Cabinet had set up the Mesopotamian Administration Committee. Besides Lord Curzon as chairman and Mark Sykes as secretary, members included Lord Alfred Milner, Charles Hardinge, Sir Arthur Hirtzel, Sir Thomas Holderness, Sir Ronald Graham and Sir George Clerk. Sir Henry McMahon also became a member.[1]

In July, its powers having been expanded to cover Middle Eastern matters, its name was changed to the Middle East Committee. Edwin Montagu, Arthur Balfour and Robert Cecil also joined the new Committee.[2]

After failed attempts to create a separate overarching Middle East Department, the Cabinet merged the Middle East Committee with the Foreign Office Russia Committee and the interdepartmental Persia Committee, to become the Eastern Committee.[2][3]

Members

The full members were:

Lancelot Oliphant (Persia) and Mark Sykes (Middle East) from the Foreign Office were to act as liaison officials with the Secretary and attend when their area was under discussion. (Russia would be handled on an ad-hoc basis).[4][5]

Activities

The Committee held its first of 49 meetings on 28 March 1918. The EC discussed information provided by the Foreign Office's Political Intelligence Department. The Imperial War Cabinet decided on disputes.[6]

In July 1918, Montagu vainly sent the Cabinet a note, in which he suggested to turn it into a Cabinet Committee of ministers only, to discuss questions of policy of Middle East affairs. A sub-committee might assist the Committee.[7]

Henry Erle Richards' memo on Palestine

On 21 October 1918, the War Cabinet asked Smuts to prepare a negotiation brief for use by the 1919 Paris Peace Conference delegates.[8] Smuts asked Henry Erle Richards to carry out this task.

The Eastern Committee met nine times in November and December to draft a set of resolutions on British policy. In November, T. E. Lawrence presented to the EC a map with proposals for a modification of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, which would redraw the borders in the Middle East.[9]

The resolutions of the EC and other materials were distilled by Henry Erle Richards into secret "P-memos". Three of them concerned respectively Syria, Palestine and Arabia.[10]

Dissolution

Having prepared British desiderata for the Paris Peace Conference, the Committee asked the Cabinet on 7 January 1919 to be dissolved. It recommended its tasks to be carried on by ad-hoc "Interdepartmental conferences".[11] On 10 January, the War Cabinet approved the proposal.

For two years thereafter, the Eastern Committee was in turn replaced by the ad-hoc Interdepartmental Conference on Middle Eastern Affairs, Lord Curzon of Kedleston (Lord President of the Council) still in the chair while deputizing for Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Arthur Balfour in his absence at the Peace Conference.[2][12]

See also

References
  1. Robert H. Lieshout (2016). Britain and the Arab Middle East: World War I and its Aftermath. I.B.Tauris. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-1-78453-583-4.
  2. Timothy J. Paris (23 November 2004). Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution. Routledge. pp. 104–106. ISBN 978-1-135-77191-1.
  3. "Eastern Committee". The National Archives.
  4. The Eastern Committee.. Curzon, 13 March 1918, UK, The National Archives
  5. Minutes War Cabinet, pp. 5-6. Curzon, 21 March 1918, UK, The National Archives
  6. Goldstein, Erik (1987). "British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: The Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (4): 419–436. doi:10.1080/00263208708700719. JSTOR 4283203.
  7. Eastern Committee. The War in the East, pp. 1-2. E.S. Montagu, 5 July 1918, UK, The National Archives
  8. Prott, Volker (2016). The Politics of Self-Determination:Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe,1917-1923. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191083549.
  9. Lawrence's Mid-East map on show. BBC, 11 October 2005
  10. Peace conference: memoranda respecting Syria, Arabia and Palestine. Sir Erle Richards, January 1919; British Library (doc.nr. IOR/L/PS/11/147). Sources: Syria, Palestine, Arabia
    The resolutions from the Eastern Committee: Syria, Palestine, Hejaz and Arabia, Mesopotamia, Mosul, Baghdad & Basra. UK, The National Archives
  11. The Future of the Eastern Committee.. Curzon, 8 January 1919, UK The National Archives
  12. Fisher, John (2000). "THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON EASTERN UNREST AND BRITISH RESPONSES TO BOLSHEVIK AND OTHER INTRIGUES AGAINST THE EMPIRE DURING THE 1920s". Journal of Asian History. 34 (1): 2. JSTOR 41933161.
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