Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 (PC-1, CD203a) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENPP1 gene.[5][6][7]

ENPP1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesENPP1, ARHR2, COLED, M6S1, NPP1, NPPS, PC-1, PCA1, PDNP1, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, CD203a
External IDsOMIM: 173335 MGI: 97370 HomoloGene: 38151 GeneCards: ENPP1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5167

18605

Ensembl

ENSG00000197594

ENSMUSG00000037370

UniProt

P22413

P06802

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006208

NM_008813
NM_001308327
NM_001308329

RefSeq (protein)

NP_006199

NP_001295256
NP_001295258
NP_032839

Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 131.81 – 131.9 MbChr 10: 24.51 – 24.59 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

This gene is a member of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family. The encoded protein is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein comprising two identical disulfide-bonded subunits.

Function

ENPP1 has broad specificity and cleaves a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. ENPP1 protein may function to hydrolyze nucleoside 5′-triphosphates to their corresponding monophosphates and may also hydrolyze diadenosine polyphosphates.

The main substrate of ENNP1 is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is cleaved into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and diphosphate.[8] Another notable nucleotide substrate is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) which can be hydrolyzed to produce AMP.[8] ADPR can also be hydrolyzed by ENNP1 to produce AMP.[9]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene have been associated with Generalized arterial calcification of infancy, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL), Hypophosphatemic rickets autosomal recessive 2 (ARHR2), and insulin resistance.[6]

In a tumor microenvironment, AMP generated by ENNP1 can lead to production of adenosine, which suppresses the anti-cancer function of the immune system.[9][10][11]

Interactions

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 has been shown to interact with Insulin receptor.[12]

See also

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197594 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037370 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Funakoshi I, Kato H, Horie K, Yano T, Hori Y, Kobayashi H, Inoue T, Suzuki H, Fukui S, Tsukahara M (June 1992). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs for human fibroblast nucleotide pyrophosphatase". Arch Biochem Biophys. 295 (1): 180–7. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90504-P. PMID 1315502.
  6. "Entrez Gene: ENPP1 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1".
  7. Quarona V, Zaccarello G, Chillemi A (2013). "CD38 and CD157: a long journey from activation markers to multifunctional molecules". Cytometry Part B. 84 (4): 207–217. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.21092. hdl:2318/134656. PMID 23576305. S2CID 205732787.
  8. Lee S, Müller CE (2017). "Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) and its inhibitors". MedChemComm. 8 (5): 823–840. doi:10.1039/c7md00015d. PMC 6072468. PMID 30108800.
  9. Horenstein AL, Chillemi A, Zaccarello G, Bruzzone S (2013). "A CD38/CD203a/CD73 ectoenzymatic pathway independent of CD39 drives a novel adenosinergic loop in human T lymphocytes". Oncoimmunology. 2 (9): e26246. doi:10.4161/onci.26246. PMC 3850273. PMID 24319640.
  10. Linden J, Koch-Nolte F, Dahl G (2019). "Purine Release, Metabolism, and Signaling in the Inflammatory Response". Annual Review of Immunology. 37: 325–347. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052406. PMID 30676821. S2CID 59250501.
  11. Sek K, Mølck C, Stewart GD, Kats L (2018). "Targeting Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Cancer Immunotherapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (12): 3837. doi:10.3390/ijms19123837. PMC 6321150. PMID 30513816.
  12. Maddux BA, Goldfine ID (January 2000). "Membrane glycoprotein PC-1 inhibition of insulin receptor function occurs via direct interaction with the receptor alpha-subunit". Diabetes. 49 (1): 13–9. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.1.13. PMID 10615944.

Further reading


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