El Wad

El Wad is an Epipalaeolithic archaeological site in Mount Carmel, Israel. The site has two components: El Wad Cave, also known as Mugharat el-Wad or HaNahal Cave (Hebrew: מערת הנחל); and El Wad Terrace, located immediately outside the cave.

This article is about the archaeological site. For the city in Algeria, see El Oued.
Entrance to El Wad Cave

Together with the nearby sites of Tabun Cave, Jamal Cave, and Es-Skhul Cave, El Wad is part of the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve,[1] a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]

Background and research history
Telegram from Charles Lambert to Ernest Richmond, the director of the Department of Antiquities, about the discovery of prehistoric art at El Wad. The message reads: "Found carved bone animal head, palaeolithic, great importance."

El Wad is one of a number of significant prehistoric archaeological sites in the caves of Wadi el-Mughara in Mount Carmel, now protected as the national nature reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site.[1][2] However in the 1920s, very little was known of the prehistory of the region, and the sites were threatened by quarrying for the construction of the Port of Haifa. In 1928, British archaeologist Charles Lambert conducted a trial excavation at El Wad on behalf of the Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine to assess the area's archaeological value. Lambert's findings, especially the "sensational" discovery of a bone handle carved in the shape of an animal, "the first prehistoric work of art recorded from the Near East",[3] established the scientific importance of the caves and prevented them being destroyed in the quarrying.[4][5]

The following year, the Department of Antiquities asked Dorothy Garrod to suspend her excavations at Shuqba cave to deal with the "urgent matter" of investigating the el-Mughara caves.[3] Garrod directed large-scale excavations at El Wad for the next six years.[4] She quickly recognised similarities between the stone tools found at El Wad and her previous excavations at Shuqba cave, naming the newly discovered industry the Natufian, after Wadi en-Natuf near Shuqba, and tentatively linking it to the European Mesolithic, based on the fact that both used microlithic technology.[6] Garrod began her excavations with Lambert's soundings and extended them cover most of the interior of the cave and exterior terrace.[4]

Excavations at El Wad Terrace, 2007

In 1980–1981, François Valla and Ofer Bar-Yosef conducted brief excavations on the terrace to re-examine Garrod's stratigraphy.[4] In 1988–1989, Mina Weinstein-Evron excavated a small area at the back of the cave that had not been removed by Garrod.[4] Large-scale excavations of the terrace resumed in 1994, directed by Weinstein-Evron, Daniel Kaufman, and Reuven Yeshurun of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology, and are ongoing.[7][8]

References
  1. "Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve". National Parks and Nature Reserves. Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  2. "Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  3. Garrod, Dorothy (1929). "Excavations in the Mugharet El-Wad, Near Athlit. April-June, 1929". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 61 (4): 220–222. doi:10.1179/peq.1929.61.4.220.
  4. Weinstein-Evron, Mina; Kaufman, Daniel; Yeshurun, Reuven (2013). "Spatial Organization of Natufian el-Wad through Time: Combining the Results of Past and Present Excavations". In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (eds.). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. Archaeological Series 19. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory. pp. 88–106. ISBN 978-1-78920-157-4.
  5. Byrd, Brian F. (2011). "Review of Archaeology in the Archives: Unveiling the Natufian Culture of Mount Carmel by Mina Weinstein-Evron". Near Eastern Archaeology. 74 (3): 186–188. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.74.3.0186. ISSN 1094-2076. JSTOR 10.5615/neareastarch.74.3.0186.
  6. Boyd, Brian (1999). "'Twisting the kaleidoscope': Dorothy Garrod and the 'Natufian Culture'". In Davies, William; Charles, Ruth (eds.). Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 209–223. ISBN 9781785705199.
  7. WEINSTEIN-EVRON, MINA; KAUFMAN, DANIEL; BACHRACH, NOGA; BAR-OZ, GUY; MAYER, DANIELLA E. BAR-YOSEF; CHAIM, SYLVIA; DRUCK, DOTAN; GROMAN-YAROSLAVSKI, IRIS; HERSHKOVITZ, ISRAEL; LIBER, NATALY; ROSENBERG, DANNY (2007). "אחרי 70 שנה: חפירות חדשות בטרסת אל-וואד, הר כרמל, ישראל / After 70 Years: New Excavations at the el-Wad Terrace, Mount Carmel, Israel". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן. ל"ז: 37–134. ISSN 0334-3839. JSTOR 23383639.
  8. "El-Wad Cave and Terrace". The Zinman Institute of Archaeology. Retrieved 2020-09-07.

Further reading
  • Weinstein-Evron, Mina (2009). Archaeology in the Archives: Unveiling the Natufian Culture of Mount Carmel. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16794-0.

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