El Puente (coalition)

Luis Garden Acosta, a human rights activist, is the founder and president of a community and youth development organization in Brooklyn, New York. His drive to create peace and prevent injustices at the local and international scale was his reason to create the El Puente activist group in 1982.[6] Luis Garden Acosta, son to a Puerto Rican mother and Dominican father, was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1945.[7] His initial life plan was to become a Catholic priest, however, after years of pursuing his career, Acosta's life plan changed after hearing a speech delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., which lead to his decision on becoming a political activist. Acosta has a diverse career background as he worked as community organizer, public health researcher, educator, and hospital director. He was also a member of the Young Lords Party, a Puerto Rican civil and human rights groups equivalent to the Black Panther Party. In January 2019, Acosta passed away from lung disease.[8]

El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice, founded by Frances Lucerna[3] and El Puente facilitators in 1993, is located in south Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York.[4] Members of the latinx community started El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice to produce a sense community for youth.[5] The school is a theme-oriented public high school, known as a “new vision high school,” which is part of a movement to improve schools in the education system as well.[4][9] A theme-oriented school is one that is molded around a curriculum with certain theme, which in this case works towards helping their community provide a safe space for their students.[10] The El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice programs provide meals as well as after school programs which are staffed by local members of the community in an effort to give students the means to make the school a safe space.[9]

The school aims to foster both individual and community growth within the schooling system by incorporating students’ identities and experiences into the curriculum.[11] This brings cultural practices from within the household and integrates them into the students’ education.[12] The teachers help students understand the issues in their surrounding community so they can take action and make a change. Students learn ways to address possible social issues in their communities by discussing topics such as environmental racism and human rights in their classes and in doing so are given tools enabling them to attempt to create change in the overall atmosphere of the community to make it a more positive and progressive one.[4][3]

Performance and visual arts are an integral aspect of their teaching, which allow students to share their knowledge to the public via art galleries, performances, and other forms of visual and performing arts.[11] As a result, the knowledge that they obtain in school can be spread into the community.

El Puente has worked to aid latinx communities including people affected by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. In 2013, El Puente started a group with around 100 members, called Enlance Latino de Accion Climatica, or Latino Climate Action Network, that were tasked with helping the affected areas.[13] Ten thousand Ekotek solar lanterns, which provided light, radio access, and a charging port for cell phones,  were distributed to Puerto Rican residents who did not have access to electricity.[13] The lanterns gave people connection to the rest of the world, as well as families.[14][15] In addition, El Puente facilitated food distribution, and rose the awareness of climate change through informational booklets.[13][16] The first-ever Leadership Summit on Climate Change in Puerto Rico was possible because of El Puente's efforts. At the summit five Executive Orders were issued. The Executive Orders addressed climate change concerns that included the development of gas infrastructure and implementing initiatives for energy renewal.[13]

El Puente, in conjunction with the United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg (UJO), prevented the construction of a massive incinerator in the Williamsburg area by protesting at the construction site. The plans if the incinerator indicate that it was supposed to be 55 stories tall.[17] The incinerator was projected to burn up to 2,550 tons of trash a day.[18] The two groups effectively deterred the process long enough for scientific research to be published, providing evidence regarding the harmful effects of burning garbage. This resulted in the Department of Sanitation being required to issue an Environmental Impact Statement. Funds were put into facilitating a study which proved that the levels of toxic pollution that would have been produced by the incinerator would exceed health regulations. The construction project was ultimately terminated.[18]

El Puente initially joined the environmental justice movement by starting a group called the Toxic Avengers.[5] The Toxic Avengers are primarily latinx teenagers who protest environmental injustices.[5] In 1988, students that were enrolled in science class taught by Jose Morales[19] initiated a teen group that focused on the importance of education, and knowledge to put a stop to a nearby radioactive waste storage and transfer facility [20] located one block from a local elementary school.[5] The group relayed information about environmental hazards affecting local communities.[5] The Toxic Avengers held Workshops, rallies, lectures, and marches to teach the community about the present pollution and to encourage the residents to become active.[19]  In 1992, the Toxic Avengers disbanded and are no longer a group.[5]

The Radiac Research Corporation has owned a radioactive waste plant in Williamsburg, New York since 1969.[21] The plant has been highly debated and has been challenged by community protests for over 20 years.[21] A bill was passed by the state legislature which requires the company to relocate the waste facility on the premise that it is only three blocks from a public school.[21] El Puente has been involved in contesting the continuation of the plant. Specifically, the students of El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice helped to draft the bill which has been integral to making real strides towards relocation of the plant.[21]

According to the American Journal of Public Health, asthma has become a label increasingly associated with latinx groups.[22] Williamsburg and Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York is a predominantly latinx that live with hazardous air quality and conditions that cause these high rates of asthma. In this town in New York, one of the primary causes of the air pollution is from waste transfer stations.[20] El Puente's initiative is to take action against these harmful air pollutants by conducting citizen science within their community, otherwise known as community-based participatory research (CBPR).[20] They have partnered with Centro Internacional de Epidemiología Tropical (CIET), an international organization whose purpose is to help community voices be heard.[22] CIET helped El Puente create and administer surveys throughout the community to so they could properly collect data on the community and their health in relation with the pollution and air quality in the area.[20][22]

The American Journal of Public Health researched the asthma rates conducted by El Puente's surveys, It was found that the effects of asthma in the latinx community within Williamsburg and Greenpoint varied depending on the latinx group. The two latinx groups compared were Puerto Rican and Dominican people, who showed the highest percentage of asthma among different latinx and Hispanic groups in the area. The study found that Puerto Ricans were more at risk than Dominicans because most Dominicans use homeopathic remedies while many Puerto Ricans do not.[22] Through this study and other studies El Puente has done in researching the correlation of asthma rates in their community has shown a link to their hazardous environments including pollution and air quality. El Puente have been able to take action with the knowledge they have gained from their research by educating their community.

To provide health care for all one of El Puente health initiatives is to work towards providing better health care to their latinx communities.[23] El Puente has made progress with health care through the El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice. The school initiated science programs and classes educating youth about measle vaccinations in the city.[24] The Academy was awarded New York State Governor's "Decade of the Ch Id Award" for leading New York in “community-based vaccination campaigns”.[3] El Puente has promoted the greatest immunization effort against childhood illnesses within New York, evidence to the strength of their movement.

As part of El Puente's goal to improve their local community, they are working towards HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. The reason for their interest in the HIV/AIDS awareness campaign is because there is a connection between Puerto Ricans and HIV/AIDS.[25] The efforts towards fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic could not be done without the co-foundation of Latino Commission on AIDS and initiation of the ongoing HIV/AIDS Adolescent Drama Company: Teatro El Puente in America. El Puente has been awarded grants that lend a hand to fighting HIV/AIDS. One grant of $214,000 was used for prevention programs for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, focusing on education measures.[26] These programs include after school wellness activities, service programs, and performances, and events to raise awareness.[27][28]

Leaders of El Puente and UJO as well as other community nonprofits created the Williamsburg Neighborhood Based Alliance (WNBA) to investigate public and individual housing, day care, and health care.[5] This helped further health care initiatives, but it was a uniting point between the Hasidic Jews and the Hispanic communities. A power struggle between these two groups had resulted in violence and hate crimes. However, the communities decided to combine forces in order to combat environmental injustice and protect the health of the people living in Williamsburg, New York. This historic moment in creating the WNBA inspired the formation of the Community Alliance for the Environment (CAE)-- a group working for environmental justice initiatives that also reflects the ethnic composition of the Williamsburg area within the organization. The WNBA and the CAE have been involved in the lead poisoning awareness campaign, the incinerator prevention, and have worked to combat radioactive wastes.[29]