Ecballium

E. elaterium is native to Europe, northern Africa, and temperate areas of Asia, and is considered an invasive species.[2][4] It is grown as an ornamental plant elsewhere, and in some places it has naturalized.[4][5]

Ecballium elaterium

The tissue in the fruit of the Ecballium elaterium that surrounds the seeds is made of large, thin-walled cells facilitating the propulsive release of seeds by "squirting".[3][6] Pressure to expel the seeds is created by the increased concentration of a glucoside called elaterinidin in the sap of the fruit tissue's cells, leading to a turgor pressure of up to 27 atms. The pressure builds up until its force detaches the fruit from the stalk. At the same time, the pericarp contracts and the fruit and seeds are ejected through the hole produced by detachment.[6] The pressure-building method may depend on the Phloem sieve tubes, indicating that the squirting mechanism can be decreased in water stressed conditions.[7]

The fruit also uses hygroscopic movement and stored elastic energy to squirt the seeds out of the fruit.[3] This method is done passively where the fruit changes its structure as it dehydrates and deteriorates, causing movement.[3] This movement may be due to coiling, bending, or twisting cells to change its morphological shape as the cells dry.[3] Because drying cells are mostly made up of cell wall, the shape is determined by the cell wall, providing a method for catapulting of seeds to eject them out of the plant.[3][8]

Sudden movements in plant tissues are prone to different types of mechanical instabilities.[3] In the case of E. elaterium, due to the relationship between the duration of movement and the size of the tissue, the plant tissue fractures.[3] Effectiveness of the dispersal seems to be low as a study found that even though the E. elaterium could have sprayed its seed to the whole plot, the size and location of the infested areas remained relatively similar.[9]

Elaterium is the cucurbitacin extract used in ancient history as a purgative in folk medicine. Extracted from the juice of the fruit of E. elaterium, elaterium was discovered by Stirling in 1835.[10] Elaterin is extracted from elaterium by chloroform and then precipitated by ether. It has the formula C₃₂H₄₄O₇. It forms colorless scales which have a bitter taste, with evidence as a poison when consumed through the nose or mouth.[11] The British pharmacopeia contained a preparation, the Pulvis Elaterini Compositus.[12]

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "[t]he action of this extract resembles that of the saline aperients, but is much more powerful. It is the most active hydragogue purgative known, 'causing also much depression and violent griping'. When injected subcutaneously, it is inert, as its action is entirely dependent upon its admixture with the bile. The drug is undoubtedly valuable in cases of dropsy and Bright's disease, and also in cases of cerebral haemorrhage, threatened or present. It must not be used except in urgent cases, and must invariably be employed with the utmost care, especially if the state of the heart be unsatisfactory."[12]

In the 21st century, elaterium and its constituents are considered a poison, with several case reports of hospitalization, edema of the uvula, and necrosis of the nasal mucosa resulting from nasal or oral consumption.[11][13]

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elaterium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.

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