Electricity sector in Ghana

The first Ghana government-sponsored public electricity supply in Ghana commenced in the year 1914, at Sekondi-Takoradi, operated by the Ghana Railway Administration (Ghana Railway Corporation). Power supply was extended to Sekondi-Takoradi in 1928. The Ghana Public Works Department had commenced a limited direct current (DC) supply in Accra during 1922. A large alternating current (AC) project started on 1 November 1924, and a small plant consisting of three horizontal single cylinder oil-powered engines was installed in Koforidua in 1925.

In 1926, work started on electrical distribution to Kumasi.[7] A restricted evening supply commenced in May 1927, and a power station was brought into full operation on 1 October 1927.[7] In the same year DC supply was installed at Winneba, but this was subsequently changed to AC by extending an existing supply from Swedru and during the period 1929-30, a limited electricity supply was extended to Tamale, until a new AC plant was installed in 1938.[7]

The next power station to be established was in Cape Coast in 1932. This was taken over by the Ghana Electricity Department in 1947.[7] A Ghanaian power station at Swedru was commissioned in 1948 and this was followed by the installation of generating plants at Akim Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin and Bolgatanga in 1948.[8][7] On 27 May 1949, an electricity supply was made available at Nsawam, through the building of an 11 kV overhead transmission line from Accra.[7] The Keta electricity supply which was included in the program was delayed by staff difficulties and was not commissioned until 1955.[7]

The Tema power station was commissioned in 1956 with a 3 x 650 kilowatts (870 hp) diesel generating set.[7] The Ho power station followed in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964.[7] The Tema power station was extended to a maximum capacity of 35,298 kilowatts (47,335 hp), thus, making it probably the biggest single diesel-powered generating station in Africa.[7]

In 1963 the Ghana Electricity Division brought into operation the first 161 kV transmission system in Ghana, which was used to carry power from the Tema Power Station. At its peak in 1965, about 75 percent of the power was used in Accra.[7][9]

In 1994, Ghana's total generating capacity was about 1.187GW, and annual production totaled approximately 4.49GW. The main source of supply was the Volta River Authority with six 127MW turbines[7] installed at the Akosombo Hydroelectric Project. At this time, this project provided the bulk of all electricity consumed in Ghana, some 60 percent of which was purchased by Volta Aluminum Company (VALCO) for its smelter. The power plant export amounted to an estimated equivalent of 180,000 tons of oil in 1991.[7]

The balance of Ghana's electricity was produced by diesel units owned by the Electricity Corporation of Ghana, by mining companies, and by a 160MW hydroelectric plant at Kpong, about 40 kilometers downstream from Akosombo. A third dam at Bui on the Black Volta River had been studied, and was completed in 2013.[7]

Other sites with the potential for power generation, on the Pra River (Ghana), the Tano River, the White Volta River, and the Ankobra River, would also require substantial investment.[7]

Ghana has attempted to increase distribution of its electricity throughout the country. One program Ghana has initiated will provide reliable and widespread electricity in the urban and southern parts of the country. In addition, the extension of the national grid to the Northern Region was commissioned in 1989. The extension links northern Ghana to the power generated from the Akosombo Dam.[7]

The Akosombo Dam was built on the Volta river in 1965 and is spilling water through six floodgates because of the all-time high water level in the Akosombo Dam.

The second phase of the extension will connect major towns in Upper East Region with the regional capitalBolgatanga, at a cost of US$100 million.[7] The final phase will see exports of electricity across the northern national border of Ghana to Burkina-Faso.[7] In early 1991 the Electricity Corporation of Ghana began the expansion of electricity networks in the northwestern areas of Accra and the Ghanaian corporation aimed to extend the supply of electricity to all isolated centers in Ghana, where diesel is the main source of power.[7] Plans were also afoot to increase the supply of electricity by utilization of thermal energy and construction was anticipated by late 1994 on the country's first thermal power generating plant near Sekondi-Takoradi and scheduled for completion in 1997, the plant contributed 300MW of electricity to the Ghana national grid.[7]

Since 2007, Ghana has become an electricity exporter and since 2011 an exporter of crude oil, and natural gas,[10] and a generator of electricity by thermal energy, hydropower, solar energy and renewable energies since 2012.[11]

Among Ghana’s energy consumers, including industries and residents, energy supply is crucial for constant and efficient consumption. In 2020, the country supplied more than 12 million metric tons of oil equivalent of energy, which was an all-time high compared to the five preceding years. Specifically, in 2020, the total energy supply from natural gas and hydro sources reached approximately three million metric tons of oil equivalent and 627,000 metric tons of oil equivalent, respectively. In terms of consumption, the total amount of primary energy consumed amounted to 100 terawatt hours as of 2019, translating to about 3,180 kilowatt hours per capita. Ghana’s final energy consumption, which refers to what is consumed by end users, reached around 8.6 million tons of oil equivalent in 2020. Petroleum and biomass were the most consumed energy products.

The biggest photovoltaic (PV) and the largest solar energy plant in Africa, the Nzema project, based in Ghana, will be able to provide electricity to more than 100,000 homes.[18] The 155MW plant will increase Ghana's electricity generating capacity by 6%.

Construction work on the GH¢ 740 million (£ 248 million) and the 4th largest solar power plant in the world, is being developed by Blue Energy, a UK-based renewable energy investment company, majority owned and funded by members of the Stadium Group, a large European private asset and development company with £ 2.5 billion under management. Project director is Douglas Coleman, from Mere Power Nzema Ltd, Ghana.[18]

Unlike many other solar projects in Africa that use concentrated solar power, solar plants will use photovoltaic (PV) technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity.[18][19] Installation of more than 630,000 solar PV modules will begin by the end of 2017.

As of August 2015, the project is still under development.[20] In February 2023 president cuts the sod for construction of 17MW solar power project in lawra-kaleo.[19]

Wind turbines (eco park) Wind farm.

In addition to hydropower and solar energy, Ghana also produces a large amount of other renewable energy, other forms of energy that produce electricity in Ghana are wind power, geothermal and biomass.[21] It is the official goal of Ghana energy industry to have 10% of Ghana's energy mix come from renewable sources (not counting large-scale hydropower) by 2015 or at the very latest by 2020.[22]

Ghana has Class 4-6 wind resources at locations of the high wind areas – such as Nkwanta, the Accra Plains, Kwahu and Gambaga mountains. The maximum energy that could be tapped from Ghana's available wind resource for electricity is estimated to be about 500 – 600 GWh/year.[22] To give perspective – In 2011, from the same Energy Commission, the largest Akosombo hydroelectric dam in Ghana alone produced 6,495 GWhrs of electric power and, counting all Ghana's geothermal energy production in addition, total energy generated was 11,200 GWhrs in the same year.[22]

These assessments do not take into consideration, further limiting factors such as land-use restrictions, the existing grid (or how far the wind resource may be from the grid) and accessibility.[22] Wind energy has the potential to contribute significantly to the country's energy industry – 10% can certainly be attained in terms of installed capacity and about 5% of total electric generation potential from wind alone.[22]

A hybrid Sorghum plantation field.

Ghana has put in place mechanisms to attract investments into its biomass and bio-energy sectors to stimulate rural development, create jobs and provide foreign exchange.[11][23]

The vast arable and degraded land mass of Ghana, has the potential for the cultivation of crops and plants that could be converted into a wide range of solid and liquid bio-fuels, as the development of alternative transportation fuels could help Ghana to diversify and secure its future energy supplies.[11] Main investments in the bio-energy areas existed in the areas of production are transportation, storage, distribution, sale, marketing and exportation.[11]

The goal of Ghana regarding bio-energy, as articulated its energy sector policy, is to modernize and examine the benefits of bio-energy on a sustainable basis.[11] Biomass is Ghana's dominant energy resource in terms of endowment and consumption, with the two primary bio-fuels consumed being ethanol and biodiesel.[11] To that effect, the Ghana ministry of Energy in 2010 developed the energy sector strategy and development plan.[11] Highlights of the key policy objectives strategy for the renewable energy areas include sustaining the supply and efficient use of wood-fuels, while ensuring that their utilization does not lead to deforestation.[11]

The plan would support private sector investments in the cultivation of bio-fuel raw materials, extraction of bio-oil and its refining into secondary products, thereby creating appropriate financial and tax incentives. The Ghana Renewal Energy Act provides the necessary fiscal incentives for renewable energy development by the private sector, and also details the control and management of bio-fuel and wood- fuel projects in Ghana.[11] The Ghana National Petroleum Authority (NPA) was tasked by the Renewable Energy Act 2011, to price Ghana's bio-fuel blend in accordance with the prescribed petroleum pricing formula.[11]

The combined effects of climate change and global economic turbulence, had triggered a sense of urgency among Ghanaian policymakers, industry and development practitioners to find sustainable and viable solutions in the area of bio-fuels.[11]

Currently, Brazil, which makes ethanol from maize and sugarcane, is the world's largest bio-fuel market.[11]

Ghana’s energy sector is such that the government is involved in the processes of energy production, distribution, and trade. Energy is sourced from both renewables and fossil fuels, which form the basis of the electricity supply and consumption in the country. Gas represents the largest source of electricity production in Ghana, followed by hydropower.

• Economy of Ghana
• Nuclear power in Ghana
• Dumsor, local term for electricity black-outs