Electricity theft in Pakistan

According to estimates published in 2012-13, there were approximately 483 Katchi Abadis (informal settlements) in Karachi prior to 1990; residents of such localities do not have legal right to have civic facilities and basic living provisions such as electricity/water from government departments. According to the Chairman of Standing Committee on Urban Development of the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry, this has now grown to over 4,700 settlements.[8]

[9]

Difference in time of load-shedding

Many illegal ‘Kunda’ connections are overloading K-Electric's network, as well as causing financial losses. One method of getting electricity into the Kunda system is accessing a nearby area where timing of two neighborhoods are different for load shedding.[10][11][12]

Magnets connected in series produce a magnetic flux proportional to current flow, and magnets in parallel produce a flux proportional to voltage. As a result of the inductance, the two fluxes are 90 degrees behind. The interface between these two fields induces an eddy current in the disk with a force proportional to the product of the instantaneous voltage, current, and phase angle between them. The brake magnet is located on the side of the brake and the brake torque is generated by the brake using the permanent magnet supplied by the permanent magnet. When the brake torque and drive torque are equal, the speed of the disc will be constant. The shaft or vertical axis of the aluminium disc is associated with a gear mechanism that registers a number proportional to the rotation of the disc. This power plan lists the numbers in a cell and shows how much power has been used over time. This type of electricity meter has a simple structure and is affected by other parts such as access, and its accuracy is somewhat poor. One of the main problems with such electronic meters is that they are susceptible to interference, which requires energy monitoring. These needle and shunt type meters are widely used in domestic and commercial applications. Compared with the electromechanical induction power meter, the electric power meter is a more accurate, precise and reliable meter. They consume less energy and start measuring instantly when connected to a load. Therefore, the following describes the electricity three-phase watt-hour meter and its operation. 3-Phase Electronic Energy Meter This meter can measure current, voltage and power in a three-phase power supply. Using a three-phase meter, voltage and current can also be measured using suitable sensors. A three-phase power meter that is reliable and measures power well compared to power meters is shown below (as an example).

                                            Fig: 3.7 3-Phase Electronic Energy Meter

Single phase power meter IC AD7755 is used to collect and process power supply and current meter. Sensors such as voltage and current transformers are used to reduce the voltage and current of the power line to the signal level and give it to the IC as shown in the figure. These signals are sampled and converted to digital signals and multiplied to get instantaneous power. These digital values are then converted into frequencies to operate the electromechanical meters. The frequency of the output pulses is proportional to the instantaneous power and (in a short time) gives the power transfer to the load for a series of pulses. Microcontroller takes input from all three power meter ICs for three phase power meter and acts like the brain of the body, performing all necessary functions such as storing and retrieving data from EEPROM, monitor power consumption with button function measurement, level measurement and clear reading; and also uses a decoder IC to power the display. So far we have looked at the Power Meter and how it works. For a better understanding of the concept, the following description of the power meter provides the details of the circuit and its connections using a microcontroller. Energy Meter Circuit Using Microcontroller: The diagram below depicts the circuit of a watt-hour metre created with the Atmel AVR microcontroller. This circuit continuously monitors and measures voltage and current parameters from the single-phase power supply. These parameter values are obtained by the microcontroller by interacting with a signal conditioning circuit navigated by operational amplifier (OP-AMP) integrated circuits.

                                      Fig: 3.8 Energy Meter Circuit Using Microcontroller
The circuit has two current transformers connected to each power line: phase and neutral. The current values of these variables are sent to the ADCs of the microcontrollers which then convert these values to digital values so the microcontrollers have to do the calculations to find the power consumption. The microcontroller is programmed to divide and sum the voltage and current values from the ADC over a period of time and then drive the physical counter to display the number of units (KW) consumed over time. In addition to voltage indication, this system also provides earth fault indication when there is a fault or overcurrent in the neutral or ground wire, and it is necessary to light the LED at the ground control point, including taking room. 

3.6 Wifi A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's What Happens: The computer's wireless adapter converts data into radio signals and transmits it using an antenna. The wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. Routers send data to the Internet using physical, wired Ethernet connections. This process can also be reversed by having the router take information from the internet and convert it to radio and send it to the computer's wireless adapter. The radios used for Wi-Fi communication are similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, mobile phones, and other devices. They can send and receive radio waves and convert 1s and 0s to radio waves and convert radio waves back to 1s and 0s. However, Wi-Fi radios have some differences from other radios: • They broadcast at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is higher than the frequencies used by mobile phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. More frequencies allow the signal to carry more information. • They use the 802.11 network standard How does it work?

A wireless transmitter or hub, which is a small device, is required to establish a wireless connection throughout your home. This hub functions as a Wireless Access Point (WAP) and accepts internet data via your home broadband connection. It then turns this data into radio waves and distributes them, forming a wireless local area network (WLAN). Within this WLAN, devices equipped with the necessary wireless adapter can receive these radio signals. It is crucial to know that radio signals have a limited range and are not very powerful, which explains why Wi-Fi transmissions are not very long. Wi-Fi coverage often extends across a typical home and reaches the immediate surrounding area, such as the street outside, but not much farther. In general, a single wireless hub is adequate to give internet connectivity in any part of your home, with signal strength increasing as you get closer to the hub. When you give data back to the internet, such as by clicking on a link or sending an email, the process is reversed. Your device transmits the data as a radio signal to the wireless transmitter, which transforms and relays the signal via the broadband connection.