Ritha' al-Andalus
Rithā’ al-Andalus (Arabic: رثاء الأندلس, variously translated as "An Elegy to al-Andalus"[1] or "Elegy for the fall of al-Andalus"[2]), also known as Lament for the Fall of Seville, is an Arabic qaṣīda nūniyya[3][4] which is said to have been written by Andalusi poet Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi in 1267,[2] "on the fate of al-Andalus after the loss, in 664/1266, of several places in the provinces of Murcia and Jerez" to the Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista.[5]
| Rithā’ al-Andalus | |
|---|---|
| by Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi | |
| Original title | رثاء الأندلس |
| Written | 1267 |
| Language | Arabic |
| Genre(s) | rithā’ |
| Form | qaṣīda nūniyya |
| Full text | |
 Translation:Ritha' al-Andalus at Wikisource | |
This poem is considered the most significant of a series of poems that were written in the classical tradition of rithā’ (which denotes both lamentation and a literary genre in itself[6]) by Andalusi poets who had been inspired by the Reconquista.[5] Ar-Rundi makes notable use of personification as a rhetorical device.[7]
History
The poem appears to have been written some time between the fall of Seville of 1248, an event mentioned in the poem, and the poet’s death in 1285.[8] The emotional intensity of the poem suggests indicates it was written around the mid 13th century in the immediate aftermath of the catastrophic events described in the poem.[8]
The text of the poem was recorded in Nafh at-Tib by Ahmad al-Maqqari (1577–1632).[8]
Context and purpose
Ar-Rundi lived through the fall of most of the major Andalusi cities—such as Cadiz, Cordoba, Seville (mentioned as "Hims"), and others—to the forces of the Catholic monarchs: Alfonso VIII of Castile and his grandson Ferdinand III, Sancho VII of Navarre, and Peter II of Aragon.[9] Most major Andalusi cities fell within the span of a century with the collapse of the Almohad Caliphate.[9]
Ar-Rundi composed his poem mourning the fall of al-Andalus and calling the Islamic kingdoms on the North African shore, particularly the Marinid Sultanate, when the king of Granada started to concede towns and castles to the Crown of Castille.[10]
Composition
The poem is a nūniyya, as virtually all of its couplets end in an alveolar nasal—either from the letter ن (nun) or from nunation. The opening line alludes to that of the famous nūniyya of Abu al-Fath al-Busti:[11][12]
| Opening line of Rithā’ al-Andalus | Opening line of Nūniyyat al-Bustī |
|---|---|
| لِكُلِّ شَيءٍ إِذَا ما تَمَّ نُقْصانُ | زِيادَةُ المَرْءِ في دُنِياهُ نُقْصانُ |
| li-kulli shay'in idha ma tamma nuqsan | ziyadatu l-mur'i fi dunyahu nuqsan |
| All things upon reaching their pinnacle begin to decline | A person's increase in material wealth is (in truth) only loss |
The poem is full of allusions to figures and symbols from the depths of Arab and Middle Eastern culture.[13] It mentions ancient Arab tribes such as ʿĀd, Shaddad, and Qahtan, as well as quasi-mythic historical figures such as Sasan, Korah, Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, Darius the Great, and Solomon, asking: "Where are they now?"
In the poem, the speaker eulogizes the fallen cities one by one,[14][15] using religious symbols to concretize the impending, menacing threat of the Catholics' invasion. The speaker mentions the minbars and the mihrabs that "mourn" beside the bells and crucifixes in the mosques that were transformed into churches.[16]
Cultural references
N3rdistan, led by Walid Ben Selim, performed this poem in a musical arrangement in 2014.[17]
References
- Alansari 2009, p. 9
- Khalidi 2016, p. 14
- Jayyusi 1996, p. 17
- Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 6. p. 606. ISBN 9789004081123.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 6. p. 606. ISBN 9004090827.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 6. p. 603. ISBN 9004090827.
- Kahera 2012, p. xviii
- Ebied, R. Y.; Young, M. J. L. (January 1976). "ABŪ'L-BAQĀ' AL-RUNDĪ AND HIS ELEGY ON MUSLIM SPAIN". The Muslim World. 66 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1976.tb03183.x. ISSN 0027-4909.
- IslamKotob. دراسات أندلسية في الأدب والتاريخ والفلسفة (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- "رِثَاءُ اَلْأَنْدَلُس - Lament for the fall of Andalusia". Retrieved 2018-09-24.
- Benhamouda 1935, p. 194
- IslamKotob. دراسات أندلسية في الأدب والتاريخ والفلسفة (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- "Lament for Saville". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
- Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-18571-4.
- "رِثَاءُ اَلْأَنْدَلُس - Lament for the fall of Andalusia". learning.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
- IslamKotob. دراسات أندلسية في الأدب والتاريخ والفلسفة (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- الرايس, سارة. ""نردستان" في بلاد المنفى، الموسيقى، والشعر". almodon (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-06-17.
Sources
- Alansari, Wahab (2009). An Anthology of Arabic Poetry. ISBN 9780977496129.
- Benhamouda, Ahmed (1935). "Al-Wāfī fī Nazm al-Ḳawāfī d'Abū-l-baḳā B. Šarif al-Rundī". Mélanges Gaudefroy-Demombynes (in French). Cairo.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (1996). "The persistence of the qasida form". In Sperl, Stefan; Shackle, Christopher (eds.). Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. ISBN 9004103872.
- Kahera, Akel Isma’il (2012). Reading the Islamic City: Discursive Practices and Legal Judgment. Lexington Books. p. xviii. ISBN 9780739110010.
- Khalidi, Tarif (2016). Anthology of Arabic Literature: From the Classical to the Modern. ISBN 9781474410809.