Elisabeth Hevelius

Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann-Hevelius (in Polish called Elżbieta Heweliusz; January 17, 1647–December 22, 1693) is considered one of the first female astronomers. Originally from Danzig, Poland, she contributed to improve the work and observations done together with her husband Johannes Hevelius.

Elisabetha Hevelius observing the sky with a brass octant (1673).

Early life

Elisabeth Koopmann (or Kaufmann, German: "merchant") was, like Hevelius and his first wife, a member of a rich merchant family in the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) located in Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and a member of the trade organisation called Hansa. Elisabetha Koopman's parents were Nicholas Koopman (the Dutch word for "Merchant") (1601-1672) who was a prosperous merchant and Joanna Mennings (or Menninx) (1602-1679). Nicholas and Joanna were married in Amsterdam in 1633.[1] They moved from Amsterdam to Hamburg then, in 1636, they moved to Danzig. It was in this city, largely German speaking but a part of Poland at the time, that their daughter Elisabetha was born.[2]

Marriage
Johannes and Elisabetha Hevelius observing the sky with a brass sextant (1673).
Johannes and Elisabetha Hevelius observing the sky with a brass octant (1673).

It was a fascination for astronomy which led Elisabetha, when still only a child, to approach Johannes Hevelius, an astronomer of international repute who had a complex of three houses in Danzig which contained the best observatory in the world. The marriage of the seventeen-year-old to fifty-two-year-old Hevelius in 1663[3] allowed her also to pursue her own interest in astronomy by helping him manage his observatory. They had a son, who died soon after birth, and three daughters who survived.[4] The eldest of the three daughters was named Catherina Elisabetha (after her mother) and baptized in St Catherine's Church, Danzig, on 14 February 1666. From the writings of Johann III Bernoulli we know that Elisabetha contracted smallpox and was permanently scarred by it. Following his death in 1687, she completed and published Prodromus astronomiae (1690), their jointly compiled catalogue of 1,564 stars and their positions. The work included information on their methods of calculations and examples of how they determined latitude and longitude of stars using the sectant and quadrant. The book, however, was published only with Johannes name as author.[5]

Latin

Elisabetha was educated in Latin and used her knowledge of Latin to write correspondence to other scientists.[6][7] Although it is not known when or where she learned Latin, she was evidently well-educated for a woman of her time, as she was also a capable mathematician.[8][9]

Death

Elisabetha Hevelius died in December 1693, at the age of 46, and was buried in the same tomb as her husband. After her death, the mathematician François Arago wrote of her character:[10]

A complimentary remark was always made about Madam Hevelius, who was the first woman, to my knowledge, who was not frightened to face the fatigue of making astronomical observations and calculations.

In Culture

Elisabeth's life was dramatized in the German language historical novel Die Sternjägerin (The Star Huntress)(2006).[11]

The minor planet 12625 Koopman is named in her honour, as is the crater Corpman on Venus.

Notes
  1. Nicolaes Koopman x Johanna Mennincx, 13 october 1633, Stadsarchief Amsterdam, both from Hamburg ('van Hamborgh')
  2. Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  3. Stories of Women Stargazers, Dora Musielak, March 30, 2009
  4. Gotthilf Löschin: Geschichte Danzigs von der ältesten bis zur neuesten Zeit: mit beständiger Rücksicht auf Cultur der Sitten, Wissenschaften, Künste, Gewerbe und Handelszweige, Volume 1, 1828
  5. Reser, Anna; Mceill, Leila (2021). Forces of nature; the women who changed science. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 9780711248977.
  6. Bernardi, Gabriella (2022), Jones, Claire G.; Martin, Alison E.; Wolf, Alexis (eds.), "Domestic Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Science since 1660, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 269–287, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78973-2_13#citeas, ISBN 978-3-030-78973-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
  7. Bernardi, Gabriella (2016), Bernardi, Gabriella (ed.), "Elisabetha Catherina Koopman Hevelius (1647–1693)", The Unforgotten Sisters: Female Astronomers and Scientists before Caroline Herschel, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 67–74, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26127-0_11, ISBN 978-3-319-26127-0, retrieved 2023-05-06
  8. Cook, Alan (2000-03-01). "Johann and Elizabeth Hevelius, astronomers of Danzig". Endeavour. 24 (1): 8–12. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01263-6. ISSN 0160-9327.
  9. Williams, Thomas R. (2014), Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine (eds.), "Hevelius, Catherina Elisabetha Koopman", Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 970–971, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_619, ISBN 978-1-4419-9917-7, retrieved 2023-05-06
  10. "J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: Catherina Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius". University of St. Andrews. December 2008.
  11. Eric Walz, Die Sternjägerin. Blanvalet Taschenbuch Verlag. 2006. ISBN 3442365236.

References
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. "Hevelius, Elisabetha Koopman". In: Women in Science, The MIT Press, 1986, p. 99 ISBN 0-262-15031-X (Short encyclopedia article)
  • Walz, E. 2006. The Star Huntress. Random House/Bertelsmann. ISBN 978-3-442-36523-4 (Historical novel)
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