Elizabeth Murray (painter)

In 1831, Heaphy moved to Rome along with her father and her brother Thomas. She developed her painting skills here, influenced by the atmosphere of the city. Her work drew the attention of French painter Horace Vernet, who was surprised with her ability and became interested in her studies. However, Vernet returned to France on 1 January 1835 at the request of King Louis Philippe I, who wanted him to paint the Palace of Versailles.[4]

During her stay in Rome, where she became known as the petite anglaise (little Englishwoman), she painted ancient sculptures and scenes of everyday life.[4]

On her return trip to England, Heaphy and her father stopped in Cambrai, France. Finding the city beautiful, she sat down to paint and attracted the attention of a crowd. However when she finished her painting, she was accused of being a spy and taken to prison. She left prison after a few hours and was placed under surveillance at a hotel while her father's coach was searched. When the French authorities didn't find any papers related to political affairs, Heaphy and her father were released. They were invited to paint the fortresses within the city, but her father refused and they left the city.[4]

Marruecos, a watercolour painting of the Moroccan landscape by Elizabeth Murray in 1849

During her time in Morocco, Elizabeth became fascinated by the Moroccan landscape, the souq, and the local women. This became the first volume of her work Sixteen Years of an Artist's Life in Morocco, Spain, and the Canary Islands, in which she described Morocco and her adventures. She had decorated her home "in a Moorish–English mix", and called it her "dollhouse". It had a large patio, and a fresco depicting flowers and birds. During the French bombing of Morocco, there was a period of time where she converted it into a merchandise warehouse.[4]

In 1846, Heaphy married Henry John Murray, a British consul in Tangier. From that time on, she would move along with her husband as a part of his work with the consulate. After her marriage she began to sign her paintings as "Elizabeth Murray" instead of "E. Heaphy".[1]

In 1849, Richard Bartlett, the British consul general in the Canary Islands, died.[5] As a result, Henry John Murray was appointed by the Queen as British consul general to the Canary Islands on 23 August 1850.[6]

On their way to the Canary Islands, the Murrays passed through Andalusia, where they visited Cádiz and Seville. While in Andalusia she began to take interest in the paintings of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, for whom she began to feel "a great predilection". She also marvelled at the Seville Cathedral. On her journey to the Canary Islands, she studied the other passengers and painted some of them. When she was 120 miles from Tenerife, she was able to see Mount Teide, and her first impression was full of imagination because of its splendour and characteristics:

The atmosphere is clear, soft, and grateful to the eye, persuaded by that mellow light in which every object of sight is seen with a distinctness of outline and a depth of colour that impress their image with such vividness on the mind that the imagination can at any time recall their principal features. He that her eyes to see, and has once beheld the Peak of Teneriffe in all its glory, can never forget a spectacle which has nothing to match in any other part of the world.

— Elizabeth Heaphy de Murray, Sixteen years of an artist's life in Morocco, Spain, and the Canary Islands[7]

She arrived in Tenerife on 23 August 1850 on the warship Hibernia. She travelled around the entire island, noting her observations for her monograph and painting both landscapes and everyday life.[1]

In her monograph she rarely mentions her husband, saying he is sometimes very busy and that this is why she spent large amounts of time in the countryside. He was very good at his job, both for Britain and the Canary Islands, for whom he offered all his help when they were enduring periods of economic difficulty.[4] However, surviving newspapers that mention the Murrays' presence focus on Elizabeth and her works, not her husband.[8]

The first place that Murray visited was La Matanza de Acentejo, where she stayed in a house where she could see Teide, describing the town as providing perhaps the best view of the volcano than anywhere else on the island. She also stayed in places including La Orotava and Puerto de la Cruz. She travelled to Gran Canaria with a group of Englishmen, describing Las Palmas as sad and uninteresting but its inhabitants as kind and pleasant.

In 1857, during one of her trips to London, Murray became one of the founders of The Society of Female Artists, serving on its committee. She had been refused admission to both the Old and New Watercolour Societies, and one of the purposes of the new Society of Female Artists was to provide an additional opportunity for women to exhibit and sell their work.[9]She was the most prolific contributor to its first exhibition, showing fifteen watercolour landscapes and portraits, which received many positive reviews in the press.[10] Some years before this, she was named a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours.[1]

On 31 October 1849, Queen Isabella II decreed the creation of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Miguel Arcángel (RACBA; the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Miguel Arcángel), headquartered in the capital city Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Seven months later, in May 1850, Murray was named Honorary Academic of RACBA and became fully involved in the Academy's activities. She participated in all exhibitions between 1850 and 1856, and became well-recognised for her work.[11][12] In her first exhibitions she showed paintings of the places she had visited such as Greece, Morocco, and Seville; later she exhibited her paintings of the Canarian landscape and the people in Tenerife.[1]

Murray introduced the watercolour technique in the Canary Islands. Her works depicting the Canary Island landscapes stood out, although she mostly devoted herself to portraiture. Her passion for architecture led her to study and paint the architecture of the Canary Islands, such as the Augustinian convents in Los Realejos and Icod de los Vinos, and the towers of the Church of La Concepción and of Santo Domingo.[13]

Watercolour portrait of Alfred Diston by Elizabeth Murray, painted in 1854

The Murrays were close friends with the Diston family. Alfred Diston was born on 8 January 1793 in Lowestoft, England and arrived in the commercial centre of Puerto de la Cruz in Tenerife in 1810. Here he married María Soledad de Orea, with whom he had a daughter, Soledad "Solita" Diston y Orea.[14][15] He was named an Honorary Academic of RACBA on 24 October 1851, possibly sponsored by French naturalist and ethnologist Sabin Berthelot.

His relationship with the Murray family is reflected in Diston's diaries. Elizabeth Murray also painted a portrait of Diston and was in charge of his daughter Solita's artistic education. Solita's first exhibition was with RACBA in 1854, and she later went to England with Murray to continue her studies.

Cover of Sixteen Years of an Artist's Life in Morocco, Spain, and the Canary Islands

In 1859, Murray published her monograph Sixteen Years of an Artist's Life in Morocco, Spain, and the Canary Islands. In it she described Canarian society at that time and explained some questions regarding her artwork and the representation of said society. Alfred Diston's contribution to support Murray, Notes furnished Mrs. Murray for her intended work on these islands, was very important.[16] Its description was historically and culturally significant with regards to the festivities, customs, and folklore of the islands, as well as demographic data and descriptions of the cities.[1]

However, society disapproved of Murray's work because of her criticism of Canarian society; for her references to Spanish officials, whom she described as negligent and dishonest;[8] and for her comments about the decline of Tenerife.[13]

Her monograph, which was written in English, was publicised in the Canarian press and immediately received negative reviews. Criticism was published in El Omnibus, a literary review and news publication from Las Palmas, but became more intense when El Eco del Comercio translated to Spanish and published some of her chapters referring to the Canary Islands. From this point on, her fame began to decline and she stopped being accepted in artistic circles.[1]

The Murrays' decline in popularity as a result of the monograph's publication is possibly why Consul Murray requested to be transferred to a new location.[8] On 3 March 1860, he was assigned to the American states of Maine and New Hampshire, and the Murrays moved to Portland, Maine.

Murray was very active during the sixteen years she lived in the United States. She is mentioned in Portland, Maine periodicals like the Portland Daily Press and Northern Monthly by critics like John Neal,[17] and in works like Portland and Vicinity by Edward H. Elwell.

Murray also resumed writing, although she stopped writing about her travels and instead wrote about more technical questions about painting with watercolours. Her work culminated in writing The Modern System of Painting in Watercolour from the Living Model. Historian José Luis García Pérez has considered two possible reasons for her change in writing style: the fear of making new enemies as a result of her writing, and the absence of the type of exoticism she found in Morocco and Spain; he favours the latter hypothesis.[1]

On 8 May 1876, Henry Murray was assigned to Buenos Aires. However, historian José Luis García Pérez has pointed out that the only evidence of this assignment is the official registration of his destination by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. On 1 October 1879, Henry Murray retired from his diplomatic duties. Elizabeth Murray died on 8 December 1882 in San Remo, although there is also a source saying she died in February 1882.[1]

Romanticism was a cultural movement that not only sought to break away from classicism and rococo, but was also a movement in opposition to the ideas of the Enlightenment (such as rationalism) and principles such as order, calm, and harmony. It emphasised individualism and the subjective.[18]

English painters painted the geography of other regions and ancient cities, usually medieval. Many English painters who were on their way to other parts of Europe, such as Switzerland or Italy, settled in France. Although Murray didn't settle in France, she did travel through the country when travelling to and from Italy. However, Murray practiced painting landscapes primarily when she stayed in Morocco and the Canary Islands. During her time in Spain she felt especially attracted to Seville, as did Richard Ford, a traveller and Hispanist who wrote about his travels in Spain and possibly gave Murray the idea to write about her trips.[19][1] Murray was part of a group of travellers who, like herself, described Spain as a country with a lot of fervour and vitality, even as it was impacted by apathy and backwardness. These travellers and their romantic spirit helped to develop a romantic image of Spain.[1]

La visión de San Antonio de Padua, a painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo that Murray went on to copy

Murray's primary influence was that of her father, Thomas Heaphy, a great portrait painter who used precise strokes to paint realistic faces of the people he was portraying. During her stay in Rome under the tutelage of Horace Vernet, Murray improved her skills and learned a good sense of composition.[1]

She was also influenced by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, who she admits to admiring in her monograph. She went on to copy one of his paintings, La visión de San Antonio de Padua, which was exhibited at the Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1850.[1][4]

Murray primarily worked with watercolours. Watercolour began to be used in England at the beginning of the 18th century, using the "traditional English method" which consisted of superimposing fine layers of carefully mixed colours to create the intended effects of colour and depth.[20] However, Murray didn't use the traditional methods, but instead usually used the gouache technique in her works. Her works stand out for their colourful palette, in which she abundantly used chestnut, blue, violet, pink, black, scarlet, and gold, as well as olive and tar colours applied in bright and intense shades. Her portraits were highly accurate and delicate.[1]

Murray created portraits with the same style, especially across gender. She looked for parallelism around a vertical axis, but did not look for perspective. In some portraits she used foreshortening, such as in Beggars at a church door at Rome.[21] In some of her works, Murray uses up to eight different people in the parallels she establishes; in this sense she differs from her father, as he used a greater number of subjects in his paintings. The colours and tonalities in her paintings are similar to those of her father's.

José Luis García Pérez has pointed out that it is difficult to know the exact dates Murray's paintings were created, and that because of her travels it is likely she sketched the initial drawings and then took more time to finish them.[1] Many of the dates of her paintings refer to the year they were exhibited—when she arrived in a new place she tended to exhibit work from where she had previously been, so when she arrived in the Canary Islands she exhibited work with Greek and Moroccan themes, and when she arrived in Portland she exhibited her work related to Spain.

Murray created around 85 pieces that can be divided into three groups: portraits, which were the highlights of her artwork; general scenes; and landscapes.[1]

Murray's constant moves prevented her from having a large number of disciples. There is no record of her having any disciples during her time in Morocco. During her ten years in the Canary Islands, she had two pupils: Soledad Diston and Juan B. Fierro Van de Walle Fierro y Valcarcel. Murray also had a group of American disciples during her time in Portland.

Soledad Diston, also known as Solita, was born on 2 November 1837 in Puerto de la Cruz. She was the daughter of Alfred Diston and María de la Soledad de Orea.[13][22] She was 13 years old when Murray arrived in the Canary Islands. The quick friendship between the Murrays and Distons meant that Soledad's first artistic endeavours were under the tutelage of Elizabeth Murray. She even travelled with Murray to Tenerife to continue her studies.[4]

In 1854, Soledad Diston joined Murray in an exhibition at the Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. She also created a floral tapestry to adorn the church in the port of La Orotava during the Feast of Corpus Christi on 29 May 1856.

Most of Diston's works were portraits that accurately captured peoples' faces. Among them are Retrato de San Juan Nepomuceno;[12] one of her brother, Francisco Diston y Orea;[13] one of her maternal grandmother, Doña Francisca de Luna y Médicis de Orea; Daniel Tierney; Doña Fanny Hamilton y Edwards; Don Juan N. Verdugo y Dapelo; and Don Pedro Grijalba. However, her artistic career was not very long; it was interrupted by her marriage, during which she didn't continue her art.[4]

Juan B. Fierro y Van de Walle Fierro y Valcárcel

Juan B. Fierro y Van de Walle Fierro y Valcárcel was born in Santa Cruz de La Palma on 8 May 1841. He was captain of the island militias and deputy of the island of La Palma on several occasions. He was also the director of La Cosmológica, a scientific society founded in the last quarter of the 19th century during a time when many such societies were being founded in the Canary Islands, such as the Museo Etnográfico y de Historia Natural (Ethnographic and Natural History Museum) which was founded in 1881.[23][4]

Researcher José Luis García Pérez attests that he was a disciple of Murray through the artist's grandson, who owns Murray's painting La Odalisca. Fierro created a large number of costumbrista paintings, and watercolours of the typical clothing in La Palma. The latter are reminiscent of Diston's work, but with stronger colours and poorly-drawn faces. Fierro also practiced caricature and painting on photographs. Four of his most notable paintings are Puerto de Santa Cruz de La Palma, painted 2 May 1876; Rada de Santa Cruz de La Palma, from 1883; La Plaza de Santo Domingo en Santa Cruz de la Palma, from 1891; and the portrait D. Félix Poggio y Lugo.[4]

Fierro died on 2 November 1930 in his hometown, at the age of 89.

Murray arrived in the United States at the time when watercolour and gouache were gaining interest from young artists. The geographical separation of the American continent and Europe affected the development of artists and their work; the arrival of foreign artists encouraged their development, and they began to see nature through the eyes of their teachers. Murray's exhibits in academies and artistic societies were among the things that encouraged these artists; additionally, they were surrounded by a group of painters who opened studios to teach. Murray also published The Modern System of Painting in Watercolour from the Living Model in 1865, into which she poured all of her experience.[4]

Two of Murray's American students stand out in particular: Julia C. Furbish in 1864, and Mary Rolfe in 1869. Furbish was successful in the Boston area, and specialised in portraiture. She created a copy of Murray's The Gipsy Cigar Girl, which was quite successful. Rolfe learned to use Murray's painting technique and to use colours like olive; additionally, she was primarily focused on the faces of those she portrayed. Her work Egiptian Girl exhibited with great success at Hale's Art Gallery in 1869. The later trajectory of these two artists, however, is not known.[4]