Emily Bernhardt

Bernhardt started studying stream ecosystem function beginning in graduate school, when she examined how headwater streams modify watershed nutrient export at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, and she has continued to work on questions related to stream ecosystem function throughout her career. Bernhardt and colleagues synthesized over 37,000 stream restoration projects across the US to identify the common elements of successful restoration projects finding that on average greater than one billion US dollars are spent on stream restoration each year since 1990.[8] Most stream restoration projects are small in scale and cost (~$45k) but poorly reported, and collectively, these small projects' costs are greater and their impact is broader than higher-cost projects, and Bernhardt and colleagues urged for better effort to collect and disseminated data on small restoration projects.

Leveraging long-term datasets at Hubbard Brook and other sites, Bernhardt and her colleagues have studied the effects of climate change and whole-ecosystem experimental treatments on watershed nitrogen export.[12]

Bernhardt and colleagues have leveraged a network of in situ sensors and created a database for hosting open-access stream sensor datasets to address questions relating to stream ecosystem function.[12][13] There work has primarily focused on variation and patterns of stream metabolism across hundreds of U.S. streams, but plan to expand to measure and host data from streams globally.[12]

A mountaintop removal mining site.

Funded by the National Science Foundation from 2014 to 2017 and from the Foundation for the Carolinas, Bernhardt and her colleagues have studied the impacts of mountaintop removal mining with valley fills (MTMVF) on stream ecosystems.[12] Mountaintop removal mining uses explosives to remove up to 400 vertical feet of mountain to expose underlying coal seams for extraction and excess rock is dumped into nearby valleys where headwater streams reside. It's estimated that nearly 1,800 miles of headwater streams have been buried by mountain top mining since 1990.[12][14] Bernhardt's research showed that the extent of surface mining in West Virginia catchments was highly correlated with stream sulfate concentrations and ionic strength, causing biological impairment when only 5.4% of a stream's contributing catchment is occupied by surface coal mines.[15] In 2005, 22% of West Virginia's regional stream network length drained catchments with >5.4% of their surface area converted to mining operations.[15][16] Bernhardt and colleagues have also shown that mountaintop removal mining can have significant impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, for example, they estimate that previously forested mine sites would take around 5,000 years for a hectare of reclaimed mine land to sequester the same amount of carbon that is released when the coal is extracted and burned.[17][18]

Bernhardt's lab has also used trace elements found in fish otoliths as biogenic tracers to track coal ash contamination in affected lakes,[19][20] marking the first time that strontium isotope ratios have been used to track coal ash's impacts in living organisms.

Bernhardt wrote an article for PBS in which she explained what Clean Coal is and some of the myths behind clean coal, ending with an urge to use the label 'clean energy' more sparingly.[21]

In addition to writing about scientific results, Bernhardt also writes about scientific career trajectories, academic training, science culture, and work–life balance in academic positions across many career stages. In an article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Bernhardt and co-authors urge scientists to prioritize intellectual curiosity, societal impact, and creativity rather than focusing only on traditional academic success metrics (e.g. H-index).[22] As president of the Society for Freshwater Science, Bernhardt wrote an essay titled "Being Kind" which was featured in the journal Nature.[23] In this essay, Bernhardt addresses two issues surrounding the Society for Freshwater Science 2017 annual meeting, 1) concerns of the meeting being held in North Carolina after the state passed the controversial Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, and 2) reported incidents from Society for Freshwater Science members in which senior scientists said unpleasant of hurtful things to junior members at annual meetings. Bernhardt expresses her disgust of both issues and offers her thoughts on how to amend the culture within the Society for Freshwater Science, focusing on a quote that was popular on Twitter stating, "Everyone here is smart, distinguish yourself by being kind." Bernhardt goes on to reflect on specific instances in her career when her mentors and colleagues expressed kindness to her and how those acts impacted her graduate school experience and career trajectory. She encourages everyone to counteract implicit biases by being kind to everyone with whom we interact, ending the essay with an unofficial and aspirational motto for the 2017 SFS meeting of "Everyone here is smart and kind".[23]

Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, Third Edition[26]

• Bernhardt, E.S., et al. 2005. Synthesizing US river restoration efforts. Science 308: 636–637
• Bernhardt, E.S. and Palmer, M.A., 2007. Restoring streams in an urbanizing world. Freshwater Biology, 52(4), pp. 738–751.
• Bernhardt, E.S., et al. 2007. Restoring rivers one reach at a time: results from a survey of US river restoration practitioners. Restoration Ecology, 15(3), pp. 482–493
• Bernhardt, E.S. and Palmer, M.A., 2011. River restoration: the fuzzy logic of repairing reaches to reverse catchment scale degradation. Ecological applications, 21(6), pp. 1926–1931.

Emily Bernhardt publications indexed by Google Scholar