List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
The following is a list of emperors of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It also contains early rulers (khagans-emperors and regents) of the Mongol Empire posthumously honored by Kublai Khan as Yuan emperors.
| Emperor of the Great Yuan | |
|---|---|
| 大元皇帝 | |
Imperial | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Imperial Majesty (陛下) Great Khan (大汗) |
| First monarch | Kublai Khan (Yuan dynasty) Toghon Temür (Northern Yuan) |
| Last monarch | Toghon Temür (Yuan dynasty) Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (Northern Yuan) |
| Formation | 1271 (Yuan dynasty) 1368 (Northern Yuan) |
| Abolition | 1368 (Yuan dynasty) 1388 (Northern Yuan) |
| Residence | Imperial Palace, Shangdu Imperial Palace, Dadu |
| Appointer | Hereditary |
List of emperors
| Portrait | Name by which most commonly known | Temple name | Posthumous name | Khan name | Given name | Lifespan | Period of reign | Era name and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | ||||||||
| Notes: 1) Decades before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (Yeke Mongγol Ulus) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since the enthronement of Genghis Emperor (成吉思皇帝; 'Chéngjísī Huángdì') in Spring 1206.[1] However, before Kublai Khan ruled China, these titles were just translations of the Mongolian word Khagan (Chinese: 合罕; pinyin: Héhàn, Great Khan). North China was only part of the territory occupied by the Mongol Empire.[2] 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur. 4) The clan name (surname) of all emperors is Borjigin (孛兒只斤 Bó'érjìjǐn). According to Mongolian tradition, clan names are not used together with given names, and Mongolian people are usually referred by their given names only. Therefore, only given names are shown in the following list. | ||||||||
 |
Genghis Khan | Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu (法天啟運聖武皇帝) | Genghis Khan (成吉思汗) | Temüjin (鐵木真 Tiěmùzhēn) | 1155/1162-1227 | 1206–1227 | None |
 |
Tolui | Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng) | Emperor Rensheng Jingxiang (仁聖景襄皇帝) | None | Tolui (拖雷 Tuōléi) | 1191-1232 | 1227–1229 | None |
 |
Ögedei Khan | Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Emperor Yingwen (英文皇帝) | None | Ögedei (窩闊台 Wōkuòtái) | 1186-1241 | 1229–1241 | None |
 |
Güyük Khan | Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng) | Emperor Jianping (簡平皇帝) | None | Güyük (貴由 Guìyóu) | 1206-1248 | 1246–1248 | None |
 |
Möngke Khan | Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng) | Emperor Huansu (桓肅皇帝) | None | Möngke (蒙哥 Ménggē) | 1209-1259 | 1251–1259 | None |
|
Kublai Khan | Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ) | Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu (聖德神功文武皇帝) | Setsen Khan (薛禪汗) | Kublai (忽必烈 Hūbìliè) | 1215-1294 | 1260–1294 | Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260–1264 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264–1294 |
 |
Temür Khan | Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng) | Emperor Qinming Guangxiao (欽明廣孝皇帝) | Öljeytü Khan (完澤篤汗) | Temür (鐵木耳 Tiěmù'ěr) | 1265-1307 | 1294–1307 | Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295–1297 Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297–1307 |
 |
Külüg Khan | Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng) | Emperor Renhui Xuanxiao (仁惠宣孝皇帝) | Külüg Khan (曲律汗) | Qayshan (海山 Hǎishān) | 1281-1311 | 1307–1311 | Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308–1311 |
 |
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao (聖文欽孝皇帝) | Buyantu Khan (普顏篤汗) | Ayurparibhadra (愛育黎拔力八達 Àiyùlíbálìbādá) | 1285-1320 | 1311–1320 | Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312–1313 Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314–1320 |
 |
Gegeen Khan | Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao (睿聖文孝皇帝) | Gegeen Khan (格堅汗) | Suddhipala (碩德八剌 Shuòdébālá) | 1302-1323 | 1320–1323 | Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321–1323 |
 |
Yesün Temür | None | None | None | Yesün-Temür (也孫鐵木兒 Yěsūntiěmùér) | 1293-1328 | 1323–1328 | Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321–1328 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328 |
 |
Ragibagh Khan | None | None | None | Arigaba (阿剌吉八 Ālàjíbā) | 1320-1328 | 1328 | Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328 |
 |
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür | Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng) | Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao (聖明元孝皇帝) | Jayaatu Khan (札牙篤汗) | Toq-Temür (圖鐵木兒 Tútiěmùér) | 1304-1332 | 1328–1329 and 1329–1332 | Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328–1330 Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1330–1332 |
|
|
Khutughtu Khan Kusala | Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng) | Emperor Yixian Jingxiao (翼獻景孝皇帝) | Khutughtu Khan (忽都篤汗) | Qoshila (和世剌 Héshìlà) | 1300-1329 | 1329 | None |
 |
Rinchinbal Khan | Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | Emperor Chongsheng Sixiao (沖聖嗣孝皇帝) | None | Irinchibal (懿璘質班 Yìlínzhìbān) | 1326-1332 | 1332 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332 |
 |
Toghon Temür | Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) | Emperor Xuanren Puxiao (宣仁普孝皇帝) or Emperor Shun (順皇帝) |
Ukhaghatu Khan (烏哈噶圖汗) | Toghan-Temür (妥懽貼睦爾 Tuǒhuān Tiēmù'ěr) | 1320-1370 | 1333–1368 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333–1335 |
Timeline
Legend:
- Orange denotes monarchs of the Mongol Empire
- Teal denotes Yuan monarchs
- Pink denotes Northern Yuan monarchs
References
- "太祖本纪 [Chronicle of Taizu]". 元史 [History of Yuan] (in Classical Chinese).
元年丙寅，帝大会诸王群臣，建九斿白旗，即皇帝位于斡难河之源，诸王群臣共上尊号曰成吉思皇帝["Genghis Huangdi"]。
- 杨富学 (1997). "回鹘文献所见蒙古"合罕"称号之使用范围" [The scope of use of Mongolian "Khagan" title found in Old Uyghur literature] (甘肃敦煌研究院). S2CID 224535800.
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External links
Media related to Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons
See also
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