Zhang Yan (empress)
Zhang Yan[1] (traditional Chinese: 張嫣; simplified Chinese: 张嫣; pinyin: Zhāng Yān; died April or May 163 BC[2]), known formally as Empress Xiaohui (孝惠皇后) was an empress during the Han Dynasty. She was a daughter of Princess Yuan of Lu (the only daughter of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) and his wife Empress Lü) and her husband Zhang Ao (張敖, son of Zhang Er), the Prince of Zhao and later Marquess of Xuanping.
| Zhang Yan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empress consort of the Han dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | 192–188 BC | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Lü | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Lü (Houshao) | ||||||||
| Born | 202 BC? | ||||||||
| Died | April or May 163 BC | ||||||||
| Spouse | Emperor Hui of Han | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao | ||||||||
| Mother | Princess Yuan of Lu | ||||||||
Biography
In c.November 192 BC,[3] at the insistence of then-Empress Dowager Lü, Lady Yan married her uncle Emperor Hui, the son of Emperor Gao and Empress Dowager Lü, and she was created empress. The marriage was a childless one. At Empress Dowager Lü's instruction, Empress Zhang took several male children as her own and killed their mothers. (Whether these children were Emperor Hui's is a matter of controversy, although it appears likely that they were Emperor Hui's children by his concubines.)
When Emperor Hui died in September 188 BC at the age of 22, one of the children that Empress Zhang adopted became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao), but Grand Empress Dowager Lü had effective total control of the imperial government. Empress Zhang, was not made empress dowager as this title was retained by Empress Dowager Lü who never claimed the title Grand Empress Dowager and did not appear to have significant influence. Nevertheless, when Emperor Qianshao found out in 184 BC that he was not actually her child, he made a careless comment that he would take vengeance on her—at which Empress Dowager Lü had him deposed and executed, and replaced him with his brother Liu Hong (as Emperor Houshao), who was also adopted by Empress Zhang. It was during Emperor Qianshao's reign that Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yan (張偃, pinyin Zhāng Yǎn—notice difference in tone) was created the Prince of Lu.
After Empress Dowager Lü died in August 180 BC, and the Lü clan overthrown and slaughtered by the officials opposed to the Lüs in the Lü Clan Disturbance, Emperor Houshao was deposed and killed. Empress Zhang was not killed, but she was put under house arrest in a palace to the north after being deposed from her position as empress and henceforth referred to as Empress Hui. Her brother, the Prince of Lu, was also deposed and reduced in rank to Marquess of Nangong. After this no records exist of her later life until her death.[4] Empress Zhang died in 163 BC and was buried with her husband of merely four years.
Family
- Father: Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao and Marquis of Xuanping
- Grandfather: Zhang Er, Prince Jin of Zhao
- Mother: Princess Yuan of Lu
- Grandfather/father-in-law: Emperor Gaozu of Han
- Great-grandfather: Liu Taigong
- Grandmother/mother-in-law: Empress Lü Zhi
- Brother: Zhang Yan, Prince Yuan of Lu and Marquis of Nangong
- Brother: Zhang Shou, Marquis of Lechang
- Grandfather/father-in-law: Emperor Gaozu of Han
- Uncle/Husband: Emperor Hui of Han
- Adopted son: Emperor Qianshao
- Adopted son: Liu Qiang, Prince Huai of Huaiyang
- Adopted son: Liu Buyi, Prince Ai of Hengshan
- Adopted son: Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao
- Adopted son: Liu Zhao, Prince of Hengshan
- Adopted son: Liu Wu, Prince of Huaiyang
- Adopted son: Liu Tai, Prince of Liang
Titles
- 210–192 BC: Princess Zhang Yan of Zhao
- 192–188 BC: Empress of China
- 188–163 BC: Empress Xiaohui
Notes
- Lady's Zhang's name was not recorded in official histories. The name "Yan" was found in Shiji Suoyin by Sima Zhen, citing Huangfu Mi
- 3rd month of the 17th year of Emperor Wen's reign (indicated as 1st year of Emperor Wen's Hou era), per vol.15 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month corresponds to 15 Apr to 14 May 163 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar
- 10th month of the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign, per vol.12 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month corresponds to 29 Oct to 27 Nov 192 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar. In the modified Zhuanxu calendar used during this era, the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign starts from 29 Oct 192 BCE and ends on 16 Nov 191 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.
- Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D. (2007). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E.. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 242.
References
- Lee, Lily Xiao Hong & Stefanowska, A.D. (2007). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.