Endangered species recovery plan

In Australia, the Minister for the Environment may make or adopt and implement recovery plans for threatened fauna, flora and ecosystems listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), after consultation with the relevant minister in each state, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee, and members of the public.[6]

"Recovery plans should state what must be done to protect and restore important populations of threatened species and habitat, as well as how to manage and reduce threatening processes. Recovery plans achieve this aim by providing a planned and logical framework for key interest groups and responsible government agencies to coordinate their work to improve the plight of threatened species and/or ecological communities."[6]

Since 2008, the European Commission has supported the development of Species Action Plans for selected species. The documents "are intended to be used as a tool for identifying and prioritising measures to restore the populations of these species across their range within the EU. They provide information about the status, ecology, threats and current conservation measures for each species and list the key actions that are required to improve their conservation status in Europe. Each Plan is the result of an extensive process of consultation with individual experts in Europe".[8]

In the US, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires that all species considered endangered must have a plan implemented for their recovery.[9] The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service are responsible for administering the act. The recovery plan is a document which specifies what research and management actions are necessary to support recovery, but does not itself commit manpower or funds. Recovery plans are used in setting funding priorities and provide direction to local, regional, and state planning efforts. Recovery is when the threats to species survival are neutralized and the species will be able to survive in the wild.[10]

In the US, a recovery plan must contain at least:[2]

• A description of what is needed to return the species to a healthy state;
• Criteria for what this healthy state would be, so that the species can be removed from the endangered list when it is achieved; and
• Estimates of how long the recovery will take and how much it will cost.

Optionally, it may contain the following sections:[11]

• Description of the species, its taxonomy, population structure and life history, including the distribution, food sources, reproduction and abundance;
• Threats - the main reasons why the species is now at risk of extinction; and
• Recovery strategy - details of how the species can be returned to a healthy state, including the goals, timeline, methods and criteria for delisting.

When recovery plans are carried out well, they do not simply act as stop gaps to prevent extinction, but can restore species to a state of health so they are self-sustaining. There is evidence to suggest that the best plans are adaptive and dynamic, responding to changing conditions. However, adaptive management requires the system to be constantly monitored so that changes are identified.[12] Surprisingly this is frequently not done, even for species that have already been red listed.[13] The species must be monitored throughout the recovery period (and beyond) to ensure that the plan is working as intended. The framework for this monitoring should be planned before the start of the implementation, and the details included in the recovery plan. Information on how and when the data will be collected should be supplied.[14]

IUCN red list categories

The IUCN has categories that it uses to classify species, which are widely used in conservation. These are:

• Extinct (EX) – there are no individuals remaining of that species at all
• Extinct in the wild (EW) – there are no individuals remaining of that species in the wild at all
• Critically Endangered (CR) – there is a very high risk that the species will soon go extinct in the wild, for example because there is only a very small population remaining
• Endangered (EN) – there is a high risk of the species soon becoming extinct in the wild
• Vulnerable (VU) – there is a high risk that the species will soon become endangered
• Near threatened (NT) – there is a risk that the species will become threatened in the near future
• Least concern (LC) – there is a low risk that the species will become threatened. This category is used for "widespread and abundant taxa"
• Data Deficient (DD) – there is not enough data on the species to be able to make a reliable assessment on the status of the species
• Not evaluated (NE) – the species has not yet been evaluated[15]

U.S. Endangered Species Act Categories

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has 17 categories of species status. These categories are used in the documents produced for the U.S. Endangered species act. The categories include:

• Endangered (E) for species "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range"
• Threatened (T) for species "likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range"
• Candidate (C) for species currently under consideration
• Species endangered due to "similarity of appearance" (SAE)
• Species of concern (SC) for species that are considered "important to monitor" but have not been categorized as E,T or C
• Delisted species removed from the list due to species recovery or extinction[16]

• Recovery Plan for the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) (2013)
• Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Conservation Strategy 2012–2022 (IUCN)