Enterococcus raffinosus

Enterococcus raffinosus is a bacterial species of the Gram-positive genus Enterococcus, named for its facultative anaerobic metabolism, including the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose.[1] This mesophilic microaerophile has optimal growth at 37°C in Columbia Blood Medium (agar mixture of trypticase soy and brain heart infusion).[2] It has an ovoid morphology categorized as coccal with arrangement singly, in pairs, or short chains.[1]

Enterococcus raffinosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Enterococcaceae
Genus: Enterococcus
Species:
E. raffinosus
Binomial name
Enterococcus raffinosus
Collins et al. 1989

According to analytical profile index results, this non-motile microbe is negative for urease and catalase but positive for Voges–Proskauer and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase. It hydrolyzes aesculin but not hippuric acid or starch. It lacks arginine deiminase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase.[2]

Enterococcus raffinosus has been identified as a pathogen in Homo sapiens and Felis catus with vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE) involved in hospital-acquired infections that cause Crohn's disease.[3][4] Additionally, this species uses Camelus dromedarius and Helix pomatia as hosts.[5]

Sequencing of the CX012922 strain show genes divided between a 2.83 Mb circular genome for virulence factors like ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and a 0.98 Mb circular megaplasmid for substrate utilization enzymes like raffinose permease.[4]

References
  1. Collins, Matthew D.; Facklam, Richard R.; Farrow, John A.E.; Williamson, Russel (February 1989). "Enterococcus raffinosus sp. nov., Enterococcus solitarius sp. nov. and Enterococcus pseudoavium sp. nov". Oxford Academic. FEMS Microbiology Letters. Oxford University Press. 57 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03350.x. PMID 2721919. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  2. Podstawka, Adam. "Enterococcus raffinosus 1789/79 | Type strain | DSM 5633, ATCC 49427, NCTC 12192, CCUG 29292, CIP 103329, LMG 12888, JCM 8733, NBRC 100492, CCM 4216, CDC 1789-79, NCAIM B.02061, NCIMB 12901, VTT E-97812 | BacDiveID:5326". bacdive.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  3. Shaw, Liam P.; Wang, Alethea D.; Dylus, David; Meier, Magda; Pogacnik, Grega; Dessimoz, Christophe; Balloux, François (10 May 2020). "The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates". Molecular Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell. 29 (17): 3361–3379. doi:10.1111/mec.15463. PMID 32390272. S2CID 196687946.
  4. Zhao, Hailan; Peng, Yao; Cai, Xunchao; Zhou, Yongjian; Zhou, Youlian; Huang, Hongli; Xu, Long; Nie, Yuqiang (2021-12-07). "Genome insights of Enterococcus raffinosus CX012922, isolated from the feces of a Crohn's disease patient". Gut Pathogens. 13 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/s13099-021-00468-8. ISSN 1757-4749. PMC 8650288. PMID 34876224.
  5. Wardeh, Maya; Risley, Claire; McIntyre, Marie Kirsty; Setzkorn, Christian; Baylis, Matthew (2015-09-15). "Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution". Scientific Data. 2 (1): 150049. doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.49. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 4570150. PMID 26401317. S2CID 28547532.

Further reading
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