Environmental issues in Pristina

The main sources of air pollution in Pristina are:

• Traffic emissions from diesel-fuelled old vehicles with limited emission control
• Thermal power plants "Kosova A" and "Kosovo B" (fuelled with lignite) located in Obiliq, 10 km west of Pristina
• Residential houses (wood, woodwaste, lignite coal)
• District heating system operated by "Termokos"

NO_x The main nitrogen oxide found in the air in Pristina is nitrogen oxide NO. NO affects the color of textile materials, causes corrosion in metallic materials, and causes the drop of leaves in vegetation. NO₂ is 4 times more lethal than NO, and it is mostly concentrated in urban areas. NO₂ in Pristina comes 52% from transport sector, 28% from emissions for energy production, and 11% from industry.[1] Pristina has a lower annual average of NO₂ emission as compared to the annual average limit allowed.

Annual average of NO₂ in Pristina

The annual average of NO₂ emission in Pristina was 20.82 µg/m³ in 2010, lower than limit of 40 µg/m³. There are no available data for 2011, which would allow in turn comparing 2010 and 2011.[2] However, this result comes from very low percentage of data collected, with only 68% of data being valid; this means that the emission of NO₂, may not be accurate. In the other hand, according to the National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo study, the emission of NO₂ is alarming; in only three months of, NO₂ measurement has exceeded allowed emissions by 18 times.[3] The emission of NO₂ is higher in winter, where the heating process is accelerated, with February being as the peak month. The main contributor to the pollution of air with NO₂ is Kosovo A and B power plants. Thus, NO₂ emission is estimated to be higher in urban areas where traffic is enormous. The good side of the story is that in Pristina there is no exceed of the NO₂ limit that would cause health problems in people's life; however, this does not apply for other cities of Pristina.

SO₂

Annual average values of SO₂ in Pristina

The annual average of NO₂ emission in Pristina was 20.82 µg/m³ in 2010, which is lower than limit of 40 µg/m³. There are no available data for 2011, which would allow in turn comparing 2010 and 2011. However, this result comes from very low percentage of data collected, with only 68% of data being valid; this means that the emission of NO₂, may not be accurate. In the other hand, according to the National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo study, the emission of NO₂ is alarming; in only three months of, NO₂ measurement have exceeded allowed emissions by 18 times. The emission of NO₂ is higher in winter, where the heating process is accelerated, with February being as the peak month. The main contributor to the pollution of air with NO₂ is Kosovo A and B power plants. Thus, NO₂ emission is estimated to be higher in urban areas where traffic is enormous. The good side of the story is that in Pristina there is no exceed of the NO₂ limit that would cause health problems in people's life; however, this does not apply for other cities of Pristina.[4]

CO₂

Prishtina at sunset

Vehicles and fuel burning companies are the main CO₂ pollutants of air in Pristina. Fuel burning contains liquid fuels, natural gas and wood, combustion of coal, and industrial processes such as furnaces, paper factories, the refineries, and facilities for production of construction materials. CO₂ emission in air can be mitigated through plants; however, this is another problem in Pristina. The lack of green spaces and well-maintained parks makes impossible the mitigation of CO₂. The highest pollutant is the production of energy, with its annual CO₂ contribution to global warming is 5.5 million tons. CO₂ pollution comes 30% from fuel use for power generation, 29% from transport, 20% from industry, 15% from residential commerce, and 6% from other sources. If Pristina is compared with regional countries, it is noticed that Pristina exceeds the OSCE and EU emissions of CO₂. Pristina has higher emission of CO₂ compared to the region of Serbia, and lower emissions compared to the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

PM emission on air comes mainly from transport in Pristina. In road transportation, this comes mainly from cars and tires. The problem relies in the intensive increase of automobiles in Pristina, where most of them are old and do not possess catalysts. Pristina's cars life span differs from 5 years to more than 15 years. 7.5% of registered cars are newer than 5 years old, 77.36% are older than 10 years, and 66.82% of them are more than 15 years old.[5] Furthermore, each day in Pristina enter an enormous number of cars, creating traffic as well as air pollution. Out of the total number of vehicles registered in Kosovo, 31.18% of them are registered in Pristina; 84% are passenger's vehicles, 13% are from transporting, and the others come mainly from urban traffic. The public transportation in Pristina contains mainly busses exported from other countries. There are 757 licensed buses routes per day and out of these 382 are executed on average per day. Buses/minibuses connecting urban and suburban areas total 151with 935 departures per day.[6] There are two main stations in Pristina that measure the air pollution, the Kosovo Hydro Meteorological Institute (IHMK) and Rilindja.

PM₁₀

Number of days with exceeded limit values of PM₁₀

As it can be seen from the table that the maximum amount allowed to be exceeded with PM10, is 35 days and the maximum daily value is 50 µg/m³. However, according to KHMI, Pristina has exceeded this limit for 99 days in 2010 and for 68 days in 2011. The majority of days with exceedance of average daily values were during the winter months.[7] The table below presents PM₁₀ maximum, minimum, and average monthly values, where November is the month with the highest recorded PM₁₀ value.[8]

Monthly average values, max and min. of PM₁₀, IHMK station (Pristina 1)

The annual limit of (40 µg/m³)14 was also exceeded in 2010 and 2011, as it can be seen from figure 2. The highest pollution value reached from traffic in Pristina was estimated to be 75.74 µg/m³, which is 1.9 times more than the average annual limit.[9]

PM_2.5

Annual Average of PM_2.5

The average annual emission of PM_2.5 is 25 µg/m³. However, Pristina has exceeded this limit in 2010 and 2011. Furthermore, the PM_2.5 concentration has increased from 37.34 µg/m³ in 2010 to 40.40 µg/m³in 2011.[10] The highest value of PM2.5 has been recorded in the winter months, with November leading among other months.

Monthly average values, max and min. of PM_2.5, station IHMK (Pristina1)

Thermo power plants Kosovo A+B in Obiliq

Kosovo A and B power plants are the number one pollutant of Kosovo and Pristina region. It is the primary factor contributing to the pollution of air with the above-mentioned gasses. The power plants located in Obiliq produce 97% of the electrical energy used in Pristina, while only 3% comes from hydropower.[11] There is no continuous emission monitoring system from those two plants. However, lower emissions have been reported in Kosovo B compared to Kosovo A. Kosovo A has three blocks, A₁, A₃, A₅, and Kosovo B has two blocks B₁ and B₂. According to the state report for environmental conditions in Kosovo, both power plants have exceeded the SO₂ limits in air, that of 400 mg/Nm3, and the NO₂ limit that of 500 mg/Nm3, and dust emission limit that of 50 mg/Nm3. CO₂ emission from Kosovo A is lower than from power plant Kosovo B, as it can be seen in the table below.

CO₂ emissions from power plants Kosovo A and B in Pristina

Electro filters are planned to be established in A₃, A₄ and A₅ with the aim to increase the efficiency of the existing electro filters.[12] The plant's CO₂ emissions are more than 6 million tons annually, which means 520 tons per hour. When Kosovo A+B produces energy at full capacity (200 MW), it emits 25 tons of dust and ash (that includes gases) per hour, which is 74 times more than the European limit. Critical months are deemed April, June, July, October, November and December, where the emission of gases and dust exceeds the limit allowed.

Facts from Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning in Kosovo (2006):

• Greenhouse gasses: 10,797,000 tons of CO₂ and 425,000 t of CH₄
• CO emissions: 986,000 tons
• Dust emissions: 167,000 t with specific values from 1,881mg/m³ to 7,523 mg/m³ at Kosovo A and 250 mg/m³ at Kosovo B
• SO₂ emissions: 167,000 t with specific values of 895 mg/m³
• NO_x Emission: 20,000 t with specific values from 358 mg/m³ to 478 mg/m³ at Kosovo A and 735 mg/m³ at Kosovo B.[13]

The Ministry of Environment has concluded that the problem with dust emitted from those two power plants is serious and it cannot be avoided without major redesign of the boilers. Plant units in Kosovo A need serious assessment since they are at the end of their lifespan. On the other hand, Kosovo B has a longer lifespan, but the existing electrostatic precipitator is in very bad conditions and also there is low control of dust emission in the air. The European Union has set some targets that those power plants shall reach by 2017. Dust emission should be max 50 mg/Nm³, SO₂ max 400 mg/Nm³, and NO₂ max 500 mg/Nm³.

Air pollutants released in 2006 from Power Plants Kosovo A and B

The District heating company "Termokos" operates a network covering some neighborhoods in the center of Pristina. An extension is foreseen. This company operates a heating station fuelled with oil and gas, while a Cogeneration system is considered a stable solution for the improvement of the heating system in Pristina. District heating is offered only in three cities in Kosovo, whereas approximately 3–4% of households are connected.

Some challenges related with District heating are:

• Loss of hot water (energy) in the distribution network
• Non-coverage of entire city with district heating
• No use of renewable energy such as solar heating
• Pollutants emitted in the air

SO₂ pollution from Termokos (2006)[14]

However, private households in Pristina use mainly wood, wastewood and residual waste for heating, burned in old ovens without filters and low burning temperatures. Thus, air pollutants, dust and smell end up in the urban air and worsen the situation. Heating material is secured from public vegetation. This problem could be reduced if district heating challenges would be solved, and each house in Pristina would be abandoned from firing heating materials, which are cut from woods and bushes in the region. In turn, more vegetation would decrease the air pollution as well.

For more information visit: Kosovo Law on Air Protection

For more information visit:"" Kosovo Law on Environment Protection

Wastewater discharges remain the main pollutants of water in Pristina. Those wastes are dangerous because they contain substances such as soluble compounds of phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, nitrogen (eutrophication), and other matters that affect the water quality.[16] Main carrier of underground waters pollution is Prishtevka River, which at the same time is the main carrier of sewage and rainwater.

There are two major pollutors of waterbodies in Pristina, collective pollutors and commercial pollutors. Collective polluters are households and individuals that throw waste and wasterwater in waterbodies or common canalization system. Industries are the largest commercial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery. To Prishtevka River, there are six commercial and one collective pollutor. To Llapi River there are 15 collective and seven commercial pollutors. Sitnica River has 24 collective and seven commerecial pollutors, and Gracanka River has three collective and one commercial polluter. The table below shows the individual pollutants in Pristina and their landfills.[17]

Commercial Water Pollutors in Pristina

In the city of Pristina the sewer system is intended to lead wastewater out of the city center but there is no controlled treatment of sewage waters. Waste waters are disposed towards rivers. Sitnica River is the main receiver of sewage waters coming from citizens of Pristina with a total amount of water discharged 800 litres/sec, from which 450 liter/sec come through Pristina River and 150 litres/sec through Vellusha River. Other amounts are taken through Shkabaj creek. There are only 8 settlements in Pristina with public or private canalization system. The table below presents selected districts of Pristina and their sewage waters dump sites.[18]

Waterbody pollution in Pristina districts

As depicted in table, the most polluted river with sewage waters is Prishtevka, with more than 400,000 inhabitants polluting it. Wastewaters are present also in Taukbashçe Park, causing smell and immission in the park under which elderly park visitor may suffer.[19]

Considering the problem of Pristina to sufficiently supply its citizens with water, underground water has been thought to be a solution for this problem. Kolevica underground waters have been the main water supplier for Pristina from 1950 to 1970. Those waters are placed in the northern side of Pristina, with a maximum capacity of 50 litres/sec. However, with the construction of Batllava River, those underground rivers were left unused, and now they form part of the polluted waters in Pristina. Germia Source is another underground water resource that lies in Germia Park ad is the oldest water sources known. It has been used many years ago, and it has a flow of 15 litres/sec. This source is used for Germia Basis, while in those days Germia’s underground waters are considered to be the main source of water for Pristina citizens.

There are hidden wells in Pristina, which most of them are covered with waste and are in the most polluted areas of Pristina. These sources are used when surface water is lacking. Recently, water has been found in "Pajtimi" field, which currently is one of the waste polluted areas.[20] However, in an attempt to clean Pristina environment and also find water, the opening phase of these wells has started and they are estimated to be completed by mid-2014. In this place, 9 wells are found, and the flow is estimated at 60 litres/sec. There are two other wells in Llukar village. Those wells are estimated to have a flow of 50 litres/sec. The problem with those two wells is their usage, mainly for auto washing. Those wells ceased being used in 1989, and they are expected to become active again by mid-2014. A plan to plant trees in Pristina and lower air pollution has prompted that 17 artificial wells to be opened in Pristina. The Pristina municipal government has provided funding for these wells, which would supply the water the irrigation of the newly planted trees.[21]

For more information visit: Kosovo Law on Water

As the capital city of Kosovo, Pristina has the largest number of inhabitants, which in turn means that it has the largest amount of waste disposal. Generation, collection, treatment, and elimination of waste in Pristinais done by "Pastrimi" Company, which covers the highest percentage of people with this service compared to other municipalities. In 2007 this company covered 64% of the population with this service, in 2008 52%, in 2009 53%, and in 2010 55%.[24] Collection of waste is done through two ways: 52% door-to-door collection and 48% for collective apartments.

In 2012, local yearly waste per capita was 515 kg, while daily waste per capita was 1.4 kg. The total amount of waste collected in Pristina is 248,832 ton. (cite 37) The collection of local waste in Pristina has increased from 2007 to 2012. In 2007 182,000 ton were collected, while in 2012 249,000 ton were collected. This is an example of an increase in the efficiency of waste collection. If Pristina is compared with the other regions, the collection of waste per capita is much higher. Only in 2012, the difference between Pristina and other regions collection of waste was 0.7 kg.[25]

Industrial waste contains substances in various aggregate forms that remained for a long time in different facilities, warehouses, and industrial units. Over time, the usage of some of these substances has expired or degraded by changing their composition, making them as highly hazardous substances for people’s health.

Industrial Waste in Pristina

As it can be seen, Kosovo A power plant is one of the largest pollutants with industrial waste, followed by Kishnica Laboratory.

This type of waste includes medicinal pills whose usage is not valid anymore. This sector in Pristina does not have a system of collection, transportation, or elimination. Even though new waste disposals have been set in hospital as well as in medicinal family centers, they are not being used as much. Medicinal pills are thrown in normal waste disposals. When medicinal pills stay for a long time without valid usage time, then they release dangerous substances for human’s health. The Municipal Family Medicine Center in Pristina releases 60 tons/year medicinal waste.[26] Medicinal waste is found also in some pharmacies in Pristina. The central pharmacy of Pristina has declared 200 kg of medical waste. Other pharmacies have also reported medical waste, such as the Agani Warehouse.

For more information visit: Kosovo Law on Waste

Factsheet for Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99

Below are some facts for land usage in Pristina Municipality:

Constructed Land: 2365.6 hectares or 30.45% of the total surface

Residential Areas: 2011.58 hectares. It is characterized with individual residence 23.17%, with only 2.72% collective residence.

Economic Areas: 217.94 hectares or 2.81% of total constructed areas belongs to the industrial development.

Educational Institutions: occupy a surface of 34.7 hectares or 0.45% of the constructed area

Health Institutions: occupy a surface of 33.9 hectares or 0.44% of the constructed area

Administrative Institutions: occupy a surface of 50.08 hectares or 0.64% of the constructed area

Green Areas: 5023.05 hectares or 64.04% of the total area

Specific Areas: 149.11 hectares or 1.92% of the total area

Transport and Traffic Areas: 231 hectares or 2.97% of total area

Ownership in Pristina Municipality is divided into two groups:

Public Ownership: 2695.21 hectares or 34.7%

Private Ownership: 5073.48 hectares or 65.3%

Pristina has 9,155 hectares of agricultural land, from which 8508 hectares are irrigated. Since Pristina has highly polluted air, it is assumed that air pollution is also harming vegetation and soil layers. This happens through rainfall that washes pollutants from air and deposits it in soil. One of the most common ways of agricultural land degradation is the transformation of agricultural land into industrial land. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, in the period from 1998-2006 one hectare of land in Pristina was transformed. However, the construction of Pristina started the last five years, with more people building apartments in each neighborhood of Pristina.[27] The problem of land use re-dedication is happening with and without the permission of the municipality of Pristina. According to the Director of the Kosovo Agricultural association , land degradation is daily happening more and more, and the most endangered agricultural lands are located between Pristina and the Motorway to Skopje.[28]

-Germia national park Pristina 2014-01-29 12-19

Germia Regional Park lies in the northern part of Pristina and has a surface of 62 km2. Due to its biodiversity in fauna and flora, the park is protected and monitored by Hortikultura Public enterprise. Construction is prohibited. 610 types of vascular flora have been found in Germia separated into 82 families. 83 types of mushrooms have been found and 4 forest communities.[29] Due to better air quality in the forest, most people use it as a recreational place. 4140.52 hectares of Germia are under the protected zone, starting from the Germia Basis and continue with fields, children parks and toys, and sporting centers. The status of Germia is a Protected Regional Park, including 1.126.01.00 hectares. Germia Park is evidenced as a protected zone in the international list of protected places. The boundaries of Germia are Miredita hills in the north towards the Hajvalia mining and Gracanica River. In the east the Badovci River, it continues with Busise River in the south, and vineyards in the west.

For more information visit: Kosovo Law on Spatial Planning