Equiareal map

If M and N are two Riemannian (or pseudo-Riemannian) surfaces, then an equiareal map f from M to N can be characterized by any of the following equivalent conditions:

• The surface area of f(U) is equal to the area of U for every open set U on M.
• The pullback of the area element μ_N on N is equal to μ_M, the area element on M.
• At each point p of M, and tangent vectors v and w to M at p,

$${\displaystyle {\bigl |}df_{p}(v)\wedge df_{p}(w){\bigr |}=|v\wedge w|\,}$$

where ${\textstyle \wedge }$ denotes the Euclidean wedge product of vectors and df denotes the pushforward along f.

An example of an equiareal map, due to Archimedes of Syracuse, is the projection from the unit sphere x² + y² + z² = 1 to the unit cylinder x² + y² = 1 outward from their common axis. An explicit formula is

${\displaystyle f(x,y,z)=\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}},{\frac {y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}},z\right)}$

for (x, y, z) a point on the unit sphere.

Every Euclidean isometry of the Euclidean plane is equiareal, but the converse is not true. In fact, shear mapping and squeeze mapping are counterexamples to the converse.

Shear mapping takes a rectangle to a parallelogram of the same area. Written in matrix form, a shear mapping along the x-axis is

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&v\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}\,{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}x+vy\\y\end{pmatrix}}.}$

Squeeze mapping lengthens and contracts the sides of a rectangle in a reciprocal manner so that the area is preserved. Written in matrix form, with λ > 1 the squeeze reads

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\lambda &0\\0&1/\lambda \end{pmatrix}}\,{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\lambda x\\y/\lambda .\end{pmatrix}}}$

A linear transformation ${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{pmatrix}}}$ multiplies areas by the absolute value of its determinant |ad – bc|.

Gaussian elimination shows that every equiareal linear transformation (rotations included) can be obtained by composing at most two shears along the axes, a squeeze and (if the determinant is negative), a reflection.

In the context of geographic maps, a map projection is called equal-area, equivalent, authalic, equiareal, or area-preserving, if areas are preserved up to a constant factor; embedding the target map, usually considered a subset of R², in the obvious way in R³, the requirement above then is weakened to:

${\displaystyle |df_{p}(v)\times df_{p}(w)|=\kappa |v\times w|}$

for some κ > 0 not depending on ${\displaystyle v}$ and ${\displaystyle w}$. For examples of such projections, see equal-area map projection.

• Jacobian matrix and determinant

• Pressley, Andrew (2001), Elementary differential geometry, Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series, London: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-1-85233-152-8, MR 1800436