Erasmus House

The red-bricked building known today as the Erasmus House was constructed in stages between 1460 and 1515 in late Gothic or early Renaissance style. This property was once the country estate of the family of Brussels bankers and money changers Suweel.[5] At that time, Anderlecht was still a village in the outskirts of Brussels counting barely 300 inhabitants.[6]

Enclosed by a brick wall, the house consists of several wings. The oldest part, high, narrow, with a gently sloping roof, was built around 1460 by Peeter Wijchmans, official money changer of the City of Brussels. The long wing to its right was built in 1515, as indicated by the wall anchors on the facade, for Peter Wijchmans, canon and schoolmaster of the chapter of Anderlecht (which was attached to the Collegiate Church of St. Peter and St. Guido from 1507), who had probably inherited the property. The date of construction of the building's lowest part is unknown; however, it is known that it was used as a stable at the end of the 16th century. It now houses the museum's reception. The ensemble is preceded by an interior courtyard.

A man of culture, Canon Wijchmans gladly welcomed scholars and intellectuals to his residence in Anderlecht, among them the famous Dutch humanist writer and theologian Erasmus of Rotterdam with whom a friendship was established. It is possible that Erasmus, a great traveller, stayed several times with his friend Wijchmans, but it is from his five-month stay from May to October 1521 that traces remain.

Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Hans Holbein the Younger, 1523

Departing from the nearby Flemish town of Leuven, where he lectured at the University, Erasmus arrived in Anderlecht in May 1521. This move was first of all made for health reasons as he suffered from persistent fevers, and as he wrote himself, believed the country life would do him good. In September 1521, he sent these words to the French scholar and humanist Guillaume Budé:

I am writing to you these lines from our countryside in Anderlecht, where, driven by your example, I too began to live in the fields. (...) Anyway, this rustic life does me so much good that I am now willing to repeat it every year.[7]

There were also political and religious reasons behind his decision; Martin Luther had just been excommunicated (1520) and the reformer's sympathisers were hunted down. In addition, Erasmus's attitude towards the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical institution aroused strong criticism at the time from traditional theologians. His books and ideas contributed to the blossoming Protestant Reformation by advocating a personal faith and the active practice of evangelical values, though he never became a Protestant himself and died within the Catholic faith.[8] Erasmus thus considered it prudent to move away from the University of Leuven, a place of passionate theological debates, for protection, by getting closer to the court of the young emperor Charles V, established at the Coudenberg Palace in the heart of Brussels, to whom he had been appointed adviser a few years earlier.[7]

During his time in Anderlecht, Erasmus worked on a copy of his Novum Testamentum with a view to editing a new translation from Greek into Latin.[2] For the same reasons of personal safety, however, Erasmus left Anderlecht for Basel in October 1521, after just five months.

In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Erasmus House became a civilian residence before it was purchased, in 1931, by the local council, which turned it into a museum dedicated to the great Renaissance figure. Following a restoration campaign led by the architect Charles Van Elst in a spirit of the purest historicism, the Erasmus House Museum was inaugurated on 24 September 1932.[4] The house was classified as a historic monument on 25 October 1938,[3] and the garden was inscribed on the safeguard list as a site in 1998.[9]

Last Stay of Erasmus in Basel in 1535, Félix Cogen, 1907

Located on the ground floor, the Rhetoric Room is the place where, according to tradition, Erasmus received visitors. It is adorned with period furniture, as well as the large painting Last Stay of Erasmus in Basel in 1535 (1907) by Félix Cogen, where an elderly Erasmus is seen listened to by other humanists and scientists gathered in the office of the printer Johann Froben.[11] Above the fireplace hangs a painting of Adrian VI, canon of the chapter of Anderlecht, tutor to the future Charles V and the only pope from the Netherlands.[6]

A room overlooking the garden which was Erasmus's study. A seat and writing desk recreate the atmosphere of the time. The work table is not that of Erasmus since the latter wrote standing on a lectern or dictated a lot of his texts to famulis (i.e. secretaries). A series of portraits of the humanist have been collected there, including famous paintings by Quentin Matsys, Hans Holbein and Albrecht Dürer.[6] Erasmus's correspondence shows that he was in contact with the great personalities of his time: Thomas More, Francis I, Charles V, and Martin Luther, to name a few.

The Renaissance Room, lined with Córdoba leather with gold leaf prints, is adorned with Flemish school paintings of the 15th and 16th centuries, such as ones by Hieronymus Bosch, Quentin Matsys, and Pieter Huys. In the middle of the ceiling hangs an impressive wrought iron chandelier. The space between the windows of the room has been gradually reduced in order to give the room an appearance of perspective (clearly visible from the outside).[6]

The large upstairs room, called the "White Room" or "Frescoes Room", now painted purple, may have been the dining room. The original editions of Erasmus's books, arranged according to the printers to whom they had been entrusted, were displayed there in showcases. They have now been replaced with copies. The first showcase exhibits numerous editions and translations of In Praise of Folly, the second one editions of the Colloquies. Another showcase contains books redacted by ecclesiastical censorship. Using the three classical languages in some of his writings (Latin, Greek and Hebrew) Erasmus worked with the best printers of his time, including Johann Froben of Basel, and personally revised the printing proofs. An imposing Flemish copper chandelier with a double row of lights also hung in the middle of the room. Pieces of frescoes, which probably lined the top of the room, have also been saved.[6]

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  Erasmus's work cabinet before refurbishment
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  Writing desk
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  Renaissance Room

In 1987, the landscape designer René Pechère created a garden of medicinal plants. In this garden, inspired by the medieval walled garden and encapsulating the true botanical spirit of the humanist, around a hundred plants known to 16th-century doctors are cultivated.[12]

In 2000, the landscape architect Benoit Fondu created a philosophical garden. This garden is located beyond the medicinal garden and is inspired by the conference The religious banquet written by Erasmus after his stay in Anderlecht (1521). A series of cartographic beds have been set up, in which visitors can admire the plants and flowers that Erasmus contemplated during his numerous travels. This garden also houses works created by contemporary artists including Catherine Beaugrand, Marie-Jo Lafontaine, as well as Perejaume and Bob Verschueren. The garden furniture and signage were made by Pierre Portier.[12]

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  Medicinal garden by René Pechère
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  Medicinal garden
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  Philosophical garden by Benoît Fondu
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  Philosophical garden