Eric Schadt

While completing his PhD, Schadt joined Roche Bioscience in 1998 as a senior research scientist and began his work on DNA microarrays, designing novel algorithms to process and interpret these data. He published some of the first independently developed algorithms to process gene chip data[6][7] work that he later applied to produce an early whole genome functional annotation of the human genome.[8]

In 1999, after becoming acquainted with Stephen Friend, he was hired as chief scientist at Rosetta Inpharmatics, a startup biotech company focused on the generation and analysis of high-dimensional functional genomics data.[1] Merck acquired Rosetta in 2001, which allowed Schadt to combine large-scale molecular profiling with Merck's disease-focused databases to demonstrate the existence of molecular networks working together to give rise to complex system behavior.[9][10] During this period Schadt developed his theory that single-gene approaches to understanding and treating common human diseases must give way to a network-based approach and that many of the failures in pharmaceutical therapies were caused by an incomplete understanding of biology underlying the therapeutic targets.[2]

Demonstrating the ability to infer causal relationships among features in high dimensional data using DNA variation information, Schadt and his colleagues at Merck began reconstructing predictive networks that were shown to be causally associated with disease,[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] leading to the idea of targeting networks, not single genes, to effectively treat common disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and most forms of cancer.[16] A Merck spokesman said that the papers Schadt began publishing based on this genetic network data “changed the way people looked at disease.” Schadt used the information about these networks to determine which genes Merck should pursue as targets; by the time he left the company, Schadt estimated that his group was responsible for half the drugs in the company's development pipeline.[1]

In 2009, along with Stephen Friend, Schadt founded Sage Bionetworks,[3] a nonprofit organization with the goal of encouraging collaboration between academic and commercial scientists in performing network-based studies of disease and making the data publicly available. When Merck closed down the Rosetta business unit, it donated the data, research, and computer equipment from that unit to Sage Bionetworks.[1] Schadt remains involved as a board member.[17]

Also in 2009, Schadt joined DNA sequencing company Pacific Biosciences as the chief scientific officer. During his time there, Schadt demonstrated the application of SMRT sequencing technology for various applications,[18] including to sequence bacterial genomes of public health concern to provide real-time information about these pathogenic strains during an active outbreak. He led research projects to resolve the origins of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain from 2010[19] and to characterize the highly virulent German E. coli outbreak strain in the summer of 2011.[20] He also demonstrated the ability to infer epigenetic changes from the sequencing data, uncovering novel regulatory mechanisms that may impact pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria of concern in public health.[21] [22]

In 2011, Schadt joined the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, where he founded the new Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and became chair of the Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences.[23][24][25] The new institute was launched with $100 million for the first five years and is co-directed by Andrew Kasarskis.[25] Schadt has said that his interest in joining Mt. Sinai was to bring predictive modeling of biology to patients. In his time at the institute, he has opened the first CLIA-certified next-generation sequencing lab in New York City[26] and established the first class at the school in which students sequence their own genomes.[27][28] Schadt also serves on the executive committee of the New York Genome Center.

In 2013, Schadt and his team were awarded a grant from the National Institutes of Health to study biological networks in Alzheimer's disease.[29] They also published a paper in Cell reporting that a network of genes linked to inflammatory response plays a role in late-onset Alzheimer's disease.[30][31] Also that year, Schadt joined the Cure Alzheimer's Fund's Research Consortium along with Richard L. Huganir.

Schadt's team was cited as the reason the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai was named #5 of the top 10 most innovative organizations in big data by Fast Company in a 2014 ranking.[32] According to the article, "The New York City hospital is bringing on top Silicon Valley talent to build a facility that will map patients’ genomes to predict diseases, reduce the number of average hospital visits, and streamline electronic medical records."

In May 2014, Schadt and his team announced the Resilience Project in collaboration with Sage Bionetworks.[33] The project intended to perform genotyping on as many as 1 million people to find protective biological mechanisms that prevent disease-causing genetic mutations from becoming active. Participants were to be healthy people age 30 and older, and the project initially targeted variations linked to 127 Mendelian diseases.[34][35] Based on an analysis of publicly available data, scientists in the Resilience Project estimated that one person in 15,000 has a protective mechanism preventing activity of disease-causing genetic variants.[36] The project led to a paper published in 2016 in Nature Biotechnology, reporting the analysis of nearly 600,000 genomes and the identification of individuals resilient to severe Mendelian childhood diseases.

Schadt founded Sema4, "a patient-centered health intelligence company dedicated to advancing healthcare through data-driven insights,"[37] in June 2017.[38] The company uses Centrellis™, their health analytics platform, to build predictive models of human health and generate personalized medicine insights.[37] Sema4, which was named one of the 150 most promising private digital health companies in the world by CB Insights in its 2020 Digital Health 150 ranking,[39] operates two state-of-the art clinical laboratories in Connecticut, including a 70,000-square-foot facility opened in December 2020[40] The company announced in February 2021 that it would be going public through a merger with CM Life Sciences, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC).[41]