Error treatment (linguistics)

In second language acquisition, error treatment refers to the way teachers respond to learners' linguistic errors made in the course of learning a second language.[1] Many error treatment studies seek to address issues like when, how, and by whom such errors should be corrected.

Types

Craig Chaudron (1977) has pointed out four types of treatment:[2]

Treatment that creates an autonomous ability in learners to correct themselves on any item
Treatment that elicits a correct response from the learners
Any reaction/treatment by a teacher that demands improvement
Positive or negative reinforcement involving the expression of approval or disapproval

Terminologies

A number of terms are used to discuss the various areas of error treatment, though the differences among these terms are very subtle.

Feedback

It has characteristics of constructive criticism which may be positive or negative usually from a more informed source.

Correction

In correcting errors, correction is a post-production exercise and basically deals with the linguistic errors.[3] Often in the form of feedback, it draws learners' attention to the mistakes they have made and acts as a reminder of the correct form of language.

Repair

Errors that cause "communication difficulties" are likely to be "repaired" either by speaker or listener.[4] The term repair, which includes correction, is an attempt to identify and correct the communication difficulties.

Role of teachers and learners

The role of teachers and that of learners in correcting errors are of great importance. This tries to answer the question as to who should indicate and fix the error. The phenomenon is known as "self" and "other". Depending on who indicates and fixes the error either in conversation or in classroom, there can be four possible ways of error correction:[5]

self-initiated other-completed
self-initiated self-completed
other-initiated self-completed
other-initiated other-completed

According to Van Lier (1988), in naturally occurring conversation, self-initiated and self-completed repair occurs while in teacher-dominated classroom, other-initiated and other-completed repair can be sought for.

Description

Much of the studies on error treatment have focused on the following three issues:[6]

the type of errors that should be treated/corrected
who performs the correction
when and how corrections should be made

References

Ellis, Rod (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 701. ISBN 978-0-19-437189-6.
Craig, Chaudron (January 1977). "A descriptive model of discourse in the corrective treatment of learners' errors". Language Learning. 27 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00290.x.
Ellis, p. 584
Allwright, Dick; Bailey, Kathleen M. (1991). Focus on the Language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-521-26909-1.
Allwright, p. 89
Michael Byram, ed. (2004). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. p. 609. ISBN 9780415332866. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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[1] Ellis, Rod (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 701. ISBN 978-0-19-437189-6.

[2] Craig, Chaudron (January 1977). "A descriptive model of discourse in the corrective treatment of learners' errors". Language Learning. 27 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00290.x.

[Ellis584-3] Ellis, p. 584

[4] Allwright, Dick; Bailey, Kathleen M. (1991). Focus on the Language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-521-26909-1.

[5] Allwright, p. 89

[6] Michael Byram, ed. (2004). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. p. 609. ISBN 9780415332866. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)