Eshmun

Eshmun was known at least from the Iron Age period at Sidon and was worshipped also in Tyre, Beirut, Cyprus, Sardinia, and in Carthage where the site of Eshmun's temple is now occupied by the acropolium of Carthage.

According to Eusebius of Caesarea, Phoenician author Sanchuniathon wrote that Sydyk, 'The Righteous', first fathered seven sons equated with the Greek Cabeiri or Dioscuri, no mother named, and then afterwards fathered an eighth son by one of the seven Titanides or Artemides. (See Kotharat). The name Eshmun appears to mean 'the Eighth'.

The Neo-Platonist Damascius also stated[1]

The Asclepius in Beirut is neither a Greek nor an Egyptian, but some native Phoenician divinity. For to Sadyk were born children who are interpreted as Dioscuri and Cabeiri; and in addition to these was born an eighth son, Esmunus, who is interpreted as Asclepius.

Photius (Bibliotheca Codex 242) summarizes Damascius as saying further that Asclepius of Beirut was a youth who was fond of hunting. He was seen by the goddess Astronoë (thought by many scholars to be a version of Astarte) who so harassed him with amorous pursuit that in desperation he castrated himself and died. Astronoë then named the youth Paeon 'Healer', restored him to life from the warmth of her body, and changed him into a god.[2][3]

A trilingual inscription of the 2nd century BCE from Sardinia[4] also identifies Eshmun with the Greek Asclepius and the Latin Aesculapius. Pausanias quotes a Sidonian as saying that the Phoenicians claim Apollo as the father of Asclepius, as do the Greeks, but unlike them do not make his mother a mortal woman.[5] The Sidonian then continued with an allegory which explained that Apollo represented the sun, whose changing path imparts to the air its healthiness which is to be understood as Asclepius. This allegory seems likely a late invention. Also, Apollo is usually equated with the Phoenician plague god Resheph. This might be a variant version of Eshmun's parentage, or Apollo might also be equated with Sadyk, and Sadyk might be equated with Resheph.

In Cyprus, Eshmun was syncretized with Melqart,[6][7] and also in Ibiza, as given by a dedication reciting: "to his lord, Eshmun-Melqart".[8]

The name Astresmunim ("herb of Eshmun") was applied by Dioscorides[9] to the solanum, which was regarded as having medicinal qualities.

The temple to Eshmun is found 1 km from Sidon on the Bostrenus River, the modern River Awwali. Building was begun at the end of the 6th century BCE during the reign of Eshmunazar II, and later additions were made up into the Roman period. It was excavated by Maurice Dunand in 1963–1978. Many votive offerings were found in the form of statues of persons healed by the god, especially babies and young children.

Also found near the temple was a gold plaque of Eshmun and the goddess Hygeia (meaning "Health") showing Eshmun holding a staff in his right hand around which a serpent is entwined. A coin of the 3rd century CE from Beirut shows Eshmun standing between two serpents.

A village near Beirut named Qabr Shmoun, "Eshmoun's grave," still exists.

• Delos

• Greenfield, Jonas Carl (1995), Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-0-931464-93-5.
• Ogden, Daniel (2021), The Oxford Handbook of Heracles, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780190650988.
• Sauer, A. (2018), The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Memory of James A. Sauer, Brill, ISBN 9789004369801.
• Cassel, Paulus (1872). Esmun. Eine archäologische Untersuchung aus der Geschichte Kenaans ... Mit einem einleitenden Sendschreiben über Studien des Alten Testaments [Esmun. An archaeological study from the history of Kenaan ... With an introductory missive on Old Testament studies.] (in German). Gotha: Gustav Schlössmann.'
• Court de Gébelin, Antoine (1773). Allégories orientales, ou, le fragment de Sanchoniaton, qui contient l'histoire de saturne: suivie de celles de mercure et d'hercule, et de ses douze travaux ... [Oriental allegories, or, the fragment of Sanchoniaton, which contains the story of Saturn: followed by those of Mercury and Hercules, and his twelve labors.] (in French). Paris: chez l'auteur.

• Temple of Eshmun near Sidon
  • Lebmania: Eshmoun
  • Atlas Tours: Lebanon: Eshmun
  • Ikama: Eshmoun
• Bterram: Eshmunit (On the temple of Eshmunit in Bterram.)