Esther 2

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5][lower-alpha 1]

The Greek text of Esther 2:3–8 in the Codex Sinaiticus.

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century).[7]

And let the king appoint officers in all the provinces of his kingdom, that they may gather together all the fair young virgins unto Shushan the palace, to the house of the women, unto the custody of Hege the king's chamberlain, keeper of the women; and let their things for purification be given them:[9]

• "Shushan": or "Susa".[10]
• "The palace" (KJV): from Hebrew word בִּירָה (birah); NKJV: "citadel".[11]
• "Hege" (Hebrew: הֵגֶ֛א, hê-ḡe[12]): spelled as "Hegai" (Hebrew: הֵגָ֑י) in Esther 2:8, 15; a eunuch in charge of the virgins, while another, named "Shaashgaz" (Esther 2:14), was in charge of the concubines.[13]
• "Their things for purification": or from Hebrew "their ointments"; cf. NIV, CEV, NLT: "beauty treatments."[14]

Now in Shushan the palace there was a certain Jew, whose name was Mordecai, the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a Benjamite;[16]

• "Mordecai": a name that reflects the name of the Babylonian deity Marduk; a possible common custom of many Jews at that time to have 'two names: one for secular use and the other for use especially within the Jewish community', but there is no record of Mordecai's Jewish name in the biblical text.[17]

Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away.'[18]

• "Jeconiah": is an alternative name for Jehoiachin (2 Kings 24:6),[19] although a number of modern English versions use the latter name to avoid confusion (for examples, NIV, NCV, TEV, NLT).[20]

And he brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter: for she had neither father nor mother, and the maid was fair and beautiful; whom Mordecai, when her father and mother were dead, took for his own daughter.[21]

• "Brought out" (KJV, ASV, RSV, NIV) or "bringing up" (NASB): from the Hebrew term אֹמֵן (ʾomen) which means:[22]
  • (1) "attendant" of children (Numbers 11:12; Isaiah 49:23);
  • (2) "guardian" (2 Kings 10:1, 5; Esther 2:7);
  • (3) "nurse-maid" (2 Samuel 4:4; Ruth 4:16);
  • (4) "to look after" (Isaiah 60:4; Lamentations 4:5).[23]
• "Hadassah": is a Jewish name that may mean "myrtle"; the name Esther could be derived from the Persian word for "star," or the name of the Babylonian goddess "Ishtar".[24]
• "For she had neither father nor mother" from Hebrew "for there was not to her father or mother", is 'universally understood to mean Esther's father and mother were no longer alive.'[25]
• "Fair and beautiful": from Hebrew "beautiful of form", where the Hebrew noun תֹּאַר (toʾar, "form; shape") is used to describe 'the physical bodily shape of a beautiful woman' (Genesis 29:17; Deuteronomy 21:11; 1 Samuel 25:3); TEV: "had a good figure."[26]
• "Took for his own daughter": from Hebrew "had taken her to him", where the Hebrew verb לָקַח (laqakh, "to take") describes Mordecai adopting Esther and treating her like his own daughter, "to take as one's own property" as a daughter.[27]

Esther had not made known her people or kindred, for Mordecai had commanded her not to make it known.[28]

• "Made known": or "disclosed" (MEV; NET Bible); "revealed the identity of" (NKJV).[29] Esther was able so effectively to conceal her Jewish heritage suggests that she was not consistently observing Jewish dietary and religious requirements (in contrast to Daniel).[30]
• "Her people or her kindred": this same phrase occurs but with the word order reversed in Esther 2:20.[31]

Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with other things for the purifying of the women;)[33]

• "According to the manner of the women": from Hebrew "to be to her according to the law of the women"; NASB "under the regulations for the women."[34]

So Esther was taken unto king Ahasuerus into his house royal in the tenth month, which is the month Tebeth, in the seventh year of his reign.[35]

The time referred to in the verse falls in the January or February of 478 BC which would have been very shortly after Xerxes' return to Susa from the war with the Greeks, thus the long delay in replacing Vashti can be explained by the long absence of Xerxes in Greece.[13]

Esther had not made known her kindred or her people, as Mordecai had commanded her, for Esther obeyed Mordecai just as when she was brought up by him.[36]

• "Had not made known": Esther was able so effectively to conceal her Jewish heritage suggests that she was not consistently observing Jewish dietary and religious requirements (in contrast to Daniel).[30]
• "Her kindred or her people": this same phrase occurs but with the word order reversed in Esther 2:10.[31]
• "Mordecai had commanded her": at the end of this phrase, the Greek Septuagint version has the words "to fear God".[37]

In those days, as Mordecai was sitting at the king's gate, Bigthan and Teresh, two of the king's eunuchs, who guarded the threshold, became angry and sought to lay hands on King Ahasuerus.[38]

• "Bigthan": referred to as “Bigthana,” a variant spelling of the name, in Esther 6:2.[39][40]