Esther 3

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5][lower-alpha 1]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century).[7]

After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him.[9]

• "Did… promote": or from Hebrew "made great"; NAB "raised…to high rank"; NIV “honored.” The promotion of Haman here has a striking irony to the contribution of Mordecai to saving the king's life (recorded in 2:19–23), which goes unnoticed.[10]

Now it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai's matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew.[11]

• "Mordecai": a name that reflects the name of the Babylonian deity Marduk; a possible common custom of many Jews at that time to have 'two names: one for secular use and the other for use especially within the Jewish community', but there is no record of Mordecai's Jewish name in the biblical text.[12]

But he disdained to lay hands on Mordecai alone. So, as they had made known to him the people of Mordecai, Haman sought to destroy all the Jews, the people of Mordecai, throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus.[13]

• "Disdained": Hebrew: "disdained in his eyes".[14]
• "Destroy": or "annihilate".[15]

In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar.[17]

• "The twelfth year of king Ahasuerus": This year refers to ca. 474 BC.[18]
• "Pur": The term פּוּר (pur, "lot") is an Akkadian loanword, so the narrator explains it in Hebrew ("that is, the lot"). The plural form of this word (i.e., Purim) later refers to the festival celebrating the deliverance of the Jews (cf. Esther 9:24, 26, 28, 31).[19] The Greek historian Herodotus attested the casting of lots to determine a suitable day for carrying out a task by an astrologer among the Persians.[8]

[Haman said:] "If it please the king, let it be decreed that they be destroyed, and I will pay 10,000 talents of silver into the hands of those who have charge of the king's business, that they may put it into the king's treasuries."[20]

• "Talent": Each was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms.[21] By comparing the value of 10,000 talents of silver to the annual income of the Persian empire, which according to Herodotus (Histories 3.95) was "14,500 Euboic talents", it seems that Haman is offering the king a bribe equal to two-thirds of the royal income.[22] Doubtless this huge sum of money would come from the anticipated confiscation of Jewish property and assets once the Jews had been annihilated.[22] The mentioned large sum of money may indicate 'something of the economic standing of the Jewish population in the empire of King Ahasuerus'.[22]

Then the king’s scribes were summoned on the thirteenth day of the first month, and a decree was written just as Haman had commanded to the king’s satraps and to the governors over each province and to the officials of all peoples and to every province according to its own script, and to every people in their language. It was written in the name of King Ahasuerus and sealed with the king’s signet ring.[23]

• "The first month": refers to the month Nisan of the Hebrew lunar calendar (cf. Esther 3:7; usually around March-April in Gregorian calendar).[24]

And the letters were sent by couriers into all the king’s provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to annihilate all the Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month of Adar, and to plunder their possessions.[25]

This first edict can be compared and contrasted to the second one as recorded in Esther 8:11:[26]

Archaeological map of ancient Susa (Shushan) — now in Khuzestan Province, western Iran — indicating the location of the main palace ("Palast des Darius"; citadel) and the city ("Königsstadt").

Reconstruction drawing of "Apadana" (the king's palace) in Susa, by Marcel Dieulafoy (1903).

The couriers went out, hastened by the king’s command; and the decree was proclaimed in Shushan the citadel. So the king and Haman sat down to drink, but the city of Shushan was perplexed.[27]

• "The couriers": in Hebrew literally "the runners"; also in Esther 8:10, 14.[28]
• "Shushan": or "Susa".[29]
• "Citadel": or "palace".[30] Archaeological works have identified the site of "Shushan the citadel" (the Susa palace) in relation to the site of the "city of Shushan".[31]
• "Perplexed": or "in confusion".[32]

This verse can be compared and contrasted to Esther 8:17:[33]