Euglena viridis

Euglena viridis is a freshwater, single cell, mixotroph microalgae bearing a secondary chloroplast.[3] Their chloroplast is bounded by three layers of membrane without a nucleomorph.[4] Normally, it is 40–65 μm long, slightly bigger than other well-known Euglena species: Euglena gracilis.[5]

Euglena viridis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Division:
Euglenozoa[1][2]
Class:
Euglenoidea
Order:
Euglenales
Family:
Euglenaceae
Genus:
Euglena
Species:
E. viridis
Binomial name
Euglena viridis
(O.F.Müller) Ehrenberg

Taxonomy

The whole group of Euglenozoa was originally placed in a group called Excavata. However, Excavata has been thought not monophyletic and is divided into several groups. Now, Euglenozoa is placed below a group in Discoba.[6]

Euglena viridis is one of the first Euglena species when Ehrenberg established the genus Euglena.[4] Euglena viridis is also the type species of this genus.[7]

Morphology

Morphologically, Euglena viridis can be distinguished from other Euglena species by its one axial, stellate chloroplast with a paramylon center in it. But there are still five species sharing these morphological features.[4]

Molecular evidence

The phylogenetic trees of the Euglena genus still have some clades with polytomy. The phylogenetic relationship of Euglena viridis with other Euglena species is still unclear until 2017.[4]  

Accessibility

Euglena viridis is common and cosmopolitan in bodies of water rich in organic compounds.[4] It can also be bought through some institutions[8][9] and can be maintained by replenishing it with fresh tap water and fresh leaf blades once a week.[5] Such accessibility lets it easily be used. For example, a research tests new cultivating system by cultivating Euglena viridis.[5] And Euglena viridis is also used as teaching material in biology class in order to demonstrate important biology concepts such as phylogenetic relationship[10] and growth of population.[11]

Pollution tolerance and biodegradation

In a wastewater biodegradation system, algae can provide the oxygen that heterotrophic bacteria need for the degradation of organic matter.[12] Euglena is considered to be the most pollution tolerance genus among all algae genus.[13] The ability to live in polluted water bodies have let Euglena viridis be used as an oxygen producer in wastewater biodegrading system. And it has been proven that Euglena viridis can enhance biodegradation in piggery wastewater degradation system.[12]

References
  1. Adl, SM; Simpson, AG; Lane, CE; Lukeš, J; Bass, D (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–493. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  2. Guiry, MD; Guiry, GM. "Algaebase Taxonomy Browser". Algaebase. National University of Ireland. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
  3. Zimorski, Verena; Ku, Chuan; Martin, William F; Gould, Sven B (2014-12-01). "Endosymbiotic theory for organelle origins". Current Opinion in Microbiology. Growth and development: eukaryotes/ prokaryotes. 22: 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.09.008. ISSN 1369-5274. PMID 25306530.
  4. Zakryś, Bożena; Milanowski, Rafał; Karnkowska, Anna (2017), Schwartzbach, Steven D.; Shigeoka, Shigeru (eds.), "Evolutionary Origin of Euglena", Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 979, pp. 3–17, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_1, ISBN 978-3-319-54910-1, PMID 28429314, retrieved 2021-12-29
  5. Podwin, Agnieszka; Kubicki, Wojciech; Dziuban, Jan A. (2017-07-07). "Study of the behavior of Euglena viridis, Euglena gracilis and Lepadella patella cultured in all-glass microaquarium". Biomedical Microdevices. 19 (3): 63. doi:10.1007/s10544-017-0205-0. ISSN 1572-8781. PMC 5501897. PMID 28688071.
  6. Burki, Fabien; Roger, Andrew J.; Brown, Matthew W.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2020-01-01). "The New Tree of Eukaryotes". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 31606140. S2CID 204545629.
  7. "Algaebase :: Listing the World's Algae". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  8. Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen-. "Culture Collection of Algae (SAG) - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen". www.uni-goettingen.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  9. "Euglena viridis Ehrenberg | ATCC". www.atcc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  10. Newman, Lucas; Duffus, Amanda L. J.; Lee, Cathy (2016-09-01). "Using the Free Program MEGA to Build Phylogenetic Trees from Molecular Data". The American Biology Teacher. 78 (7): 608–612. doi:10.1525/abt.2016.78.7.608. ISSN 0002-7685. S2CID 89555924.
  11. Anggraini, R.; Somakim; Hapizah (February 2019). "Students' understanding of logarithms using the growth of Euglena viridis context". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1166 (1): 012037. Bibcode:2019JPhCS1166a2037A. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1166/1/012037. ISSN 1742-6596. S2CID 92221946.
  12. Godos, Ignacio de; Vargas, Virginia A.; Blanco, Saúl; González, María C. García; Soto, Roberto; García-Encina, Pedro A.; Becares, Eloy; Muñoz, Raúl (2010-07-01). "A comparative evaluation of microalgae for the degradation of piggery wastewater under photosynthetic oxygenation". Bioresource Technology. 101 (14): 5150–5158. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.010. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 20219356.
  13. Palmer, C. Mervin (1969). "A Composite Rating of Algae Tolerating Organic Pollution2". Journal of Phycology. 5 (1): 78–82. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02581.x. ISSN 1529-8817. PMID 27097257. S2CID 40469470.
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