Eupackardia

Eupackardia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Saturniidae erected by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1912. Its only species, Eupackardia calleta, the calleta silkmoth, was described by John O. Westwood in 1853.[1] It is found in Mexico, Guatemala, as well as in the states such as; Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.[2]

Eupackardia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Saturniidae
Genus:
Eupackardia

Cockerell, 1912
Species:
E. calleta
Binomial name
Eupackardia calleta
(Westwood, 1853)
Synonyms

The wingspan is normally 8–11 cm (3.1–4.3 in), however, some specimens have been reported to exceed 5 inches.[3]

The larvae mainly feed on Fraxinus species, Leucophyllum frutescens, Sapium biloculare and Fouquieria splendens.[2]

Description
Female E. calleta, underside.
Eupackardia calleta larvae

The adult calleta silkmoth has a black body with a red collar and red on the back of the thorax.[4] The wings, which normally span 8-11 centimetres, are black with conspicuous white post-median lines which happen to be wider in females.[4] They can also have large triangular white spots on their wings however, some may not.[4]

Caterpillars or larvae are normally bright green in colour with white stripes as well as have black scoli sets (spike-like projections) with blue and orange bases,[5] though these colours may vary.

These larvae are normally very brightly coloured because they contain biogenetic chemicals that help to repel predators.[6]

Life cycle

Adult E. calleta emerge in the evening and may be mating as early as 7:30 am the next morning.[4] Males are diurnal while females are nocturnal.[3] Females lay eggs starting at dusk of the same day and the eggs are deposited in clumps on surfaces of host plant leaves.[4] Caterpillars spray a defensive secretion from their integumental glands.[7] Young caterpillars, typically the 1st to 3rd larval stages, feed gregariously, while the older caterpillars of the 4th and 5th larval stages are usually solitary feeders.[8]

Cocoons are normally spun near the ground and in the shade and is attached to a twig by a short silken loop.[9]

Example of an almost complete cocoon

Diet

Eupackardia calleta caterpillars feed on ceniza (Leucophyllum frutescens), ash (Fraxinus), Mexican jumping bean (Sapium biloculare) and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), while adults do not feed at all.[4]

Mexican jumping beans, one of the food items of E. calleta caterpillars

Habitat, season and distribution

Eupackardia calleta ranges across southern Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Arizona, and New Mexico.[2] In the southeastern mountains of Arizona they are mostly seen from July to August. In central Arizona to Mexico they are seen from October to January, and in South Texas they are seen from September to November as well as March to April.[4]

They normally make their habitats in thorn scrubs, foothills and canyons of desert mountain ranges and dry deserts.[4]

Threats

Predators
A common predator of E. calleta
A common parasitoid (the wasp Philanthus triangulum)

Raccoons, opossum and possibly other species of the order Rodentia tend to tear apart the cocoons of the calleta silkmoth.[5] The larvae secrete a defensive chemical protection that normally wards off predators, except in the case of wasps, which tend to be unaffected by the larvae's protection.[5]

Parasitoids

A parasitoid is an insect that completes its larval development within the body of another insect, eventually killing its host.[10] The most common parasitoid is the wasp. Compared to other large Saturniidea, E. calleta does not appear to be attacked by many parasitoid species, however some reports have been seen.[5]

Uses of Eupackardia calleta cocoons

The cocoons of Eupackardia calleta are often used for ankle rattles and medicinal necklaces in certain American Indian ceremonies.[11] The Yaqui Indians in Arizona and Mexico for example, call these rattles "tenabares", or "tenevoim". They are made in pairs and worn around the ankles or on both lower legs.[11]

References
  1. Savela, Markku. "Eupackardia Cockerell, 1912". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  2. Lotts, Kelly & Naberhaus, Thomas (2017). "Calleta silkmoth Eupackardia calleta (Westwood, 1853)". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  3. "Species Eupackardia calleta - Calleta Silkmoth - Hodges#7763". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  4. "Calleta silkmoth Eupackardia calleta (Westwood, 1853) | Butterflies and Moths of North America". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  5. Deml, R.; Dettner, K. (2002). "Morphology and classification of larval scoli of Saturniinae and Hemileucinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 40 (2): 82–91. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00181.x. ISSN 0947-5745.
  6. Reddy, Narendra; Jiang, Qiuran; Yang, Yiqi (2012-08-13). "Investigation of the properties and potential medical applications of natural silk fibers produced by Eupackardia calleta". Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 24 (4): 460–469. doi:10.1080/09205063.2012.690712. ISSN 0920-5063. PMID 23565687. S2CID 24798799.
  7. Deml, Reinhold; Dettner, Konrad (1994). "Attacus atlas caterpillars (Lep., Saturniidae) spray an irritant secretion from defensive glands". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 20 (8): 2127–2138. doi:10.1007/bf02066249. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24242735. S2CID 37246142.
  8. "The Eating Habits of Caterpillars". animals.mom.me. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  9. "Calleta Silkmoth". www.wormspit.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  10. "Definition of PARASITOID". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  11. Oliveira, Bernadete D. Lucas de; Urban, Danúncia (1987-12-31). "Contribuição ao conhecimento da biologia de Rothschildia hesperus betis (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae)". Acta Biológica Paranaense. 16. doi:10.5380/abpr.v16i0.809. ISSN 2236-1472.
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