Evergreen Formation

The Evergreen Formation is a Pliensbachian to Toarcian geologic formation of the Surat Basin in New South Wales and Queensland, eastern Australia. Traditionally it has been considered to be a unit whose age has been calculated in between the Pliensbachian and Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic, with some layers suggested to reach the Aalenian stage of the Middle Jurassic, yet modern data has found that an Early Pliensbachian to Latest Toarcian age is more possible.[4][5][6] The formation was named due to the "Evergreen Shales", defined with a lower unit, the Boxvale Sandstone, and a partially coeval, partially younger upper unit, the Westgrove Ironstone Member.[7] This unit overlies the Hettangian-Sinemurian Precipice Sandstone, as well several informal units such as the Nogo Beds, and Narayen beds, as well Torsdale Volcanics.[7] This unit likely was deposited in a massive lacustrine body with possible marine environment influences.[8]

Evergreen Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lower Pliensbachian- Late Toarcian
~[1]
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofBundamba Group
Sub-unitsBoxvale Sandstone & Westgrove Ironstone Members
UnderliesHutton Sandstone
OverliesPrecipice Sandstone
ThicknessUp to 255 m (837 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, siltstone, mudstone
OtherCoal, ironstone
Location
Coordinates25.8°S 150.3°E / -25.8; 150.3
Approximate paleocoordinates61.7°S 90.0°E / -61.7; 90.0
Region New South Wales
 Queensland
Country Australia
Extent
Type section
Named for"Evergreen Shales"
Named byHogetoorn[3]
Evergreen Formation is located in Australia
Evergreen Formation
Evergreen Formation (Australia)

Fossil content

Indeterminate Unionoid bivalves are know from the Kolane Station.[9]

Ichnofossils

Genus Species Type Location Material Origin Notes Images

Asterosoma[10]

  • Asterosoma isp.

Fodinichnia

  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Moonie 34 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole

Radiating bulb-like swelling burrows

Annelid worm, vermiform organism

Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils

Conichnus[10]

  • Conichnus isp.
  • Domichnia
  • Cubichnia

trails

Gastropods

Freshwater/Blackish fillings-like ichnofossils

Cylindrichnus[10]

  • Cylindrichnus isp.
  • Domichnia

Long, subconical, weakly curved burrows

  • Anemones
  • Polychaete worms

Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils

Diplocraterion[10]

  • Diplocraterion parallelum

Domichnia

"U"-shaped burrows

Marine-Mangroove Vertical, U-shaped, single-spreite Burrows; unidirectional or bidirectional spreite, generally continuous, rarely discontinuous. Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreiten, like the local ones, produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top.

Diplocraterion parallelum diagram

Helminthopsis[10]

  • Helminthopsis isp.

Fodinichnia

Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder traces

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils.

Example of Helminthopsis fossil

Lockeia[10]

  • Lockeia amygdaloides
  • Lockeia isp.
  • Cubichnia
  • Domichnia

Dwelling traces

  • Bivalves

Marine, brackish or freshwater resting traces of Bivalves.

Naktodemasis[10]

  • Naktodemasis isp.

Fodinichnia

Straight to sinuous, unlined and unbranched burrows

  • Soil bugs
  • Cicada nymphs
  • Scarabaeid beetle larvae

Freshwater/Terrestrial burrow-like ichnofossils.

Palaeophycus[10]

  • Palaeophycus tubularis

Domichnia

Straight or gently curved tubular burrows.

  • Polychaetes
  • Semiaquatic Insects (Orthoptera and Hemiptera)
  • Semiaquatic and non-aquatic Beetles.

Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils.

Example of Palaeophycus fossil

Phycosiphon[10]

  • Phycosiphon isp.

Fodinichnia

Irregularly meandering burrows

Vermiform Animals

Freshwater burrow-like ichnofossils.

Planolites[10]

  • Planolites montanus
  • Planolites beverleyensis
  • Planolites isp.

Pascichnia

Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossils

  • Polychaetes
  • Insects

Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Planolites is really common in all types of the Ciechocinek Formation deposits. It is referred to vermiform deposit-feeders, mainly Polychaetes, producing active Fodinichnia. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus.

Example of Planolites fossil

Scolicia[10]

  • Scolicia isp.
  • Cubichnia

Symmetrical trail or burrow

Gastropods

Freshwater/Blackish trail-like ichnofossils

Scolicia trails

Skolithos[10]

  • Skolithos isp.

Domichnia

Cylindrical strands with branches

  • Polychaetes
  • Phoronidans

Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan.

Siphonichnus[10]

  • Siphonichnus ophthalmoides

Domichnia

Cylindrical strands with branches

  • Polychaetes
  • Phoronidans

Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan.

Taenidium[10]

  • Taenidium serpentinum
  • Taenidium isp.

Fodinichnia

Unlined meniscate burrows

Freshwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Taenidium is a meniscate backfill structure, usually considered to be produced by an animal progressing axially through the sediment and depositing alternating packets of differently constituted sediment behind it as it moves forward.

Thalassinoides[10]

  • Thalassinoides isp.

Tubular Fodinichnia

Tubular Burrows

Burrow-like ichnofossils. Large burrow-systems consisting of smooth-walled, essentially cylindrical components. Common sedimentary features are Thalassinoides trace fossils in the fissile marlstone to claystone intervals

Thalassinoides burrowing structures, with modern related fauna, showing the ecological convergence and the variety of animals that left this Ichnogenus.

Teichichnus[10]

  • Teichichnus isp.

Fodinichnia

Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrow

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. The overall morphology and details of the burrows, in comparison with modern analogues and neoichnological experiments, suggest Echiurans (spoon worms) or Holothurians (sea cucumbers) with a combined suspension- and deposit-feeding behaviour as potential producers.

Teichichnus burrows

Diplopoda

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Decorotergum[11]

  • Decorotergum warrenae
  • Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom

Westgrove Ironstone Member

Incomplete specimens: QMF12294, QMF12295 and one small fragment of a third specimen, QMF12296

A millipede whose affinities are controversial. It may be an Oniscomorpha of the order Amynilyspedida family Amynilyspedidae or a member of the order Polydesmida

Extant example of the order Amynilyspedida, Glomeris

Vertebrata

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Plesiosauria[12][13]

Indeterminate

  • Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom

Westgrove Ironstone Member

  • QM F10440, Limb, girdle and vertebral fragments from a single skeleton
  • QM F10441, partial skeleton

A Freshwater Plesiosaur with affinities with Pliosauridae and Neoplesiosauria

Siderops[9]

Siderops kehli

  • Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom

Westgrove Ironstone Member

  • QM F7822, nearly complete skull with mandible and postcrania

A gigantic chigutisaurid temnospondyl, representing a relictual genus isolated in the Australian Ecoregion, as well one of the largest Mesozoic amphibians

Restoration of Siderops kehli

Phytoplankton

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Chomotriletes[14]

  • Chomotriletes triangularis
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Zygnemataceae. A genus derived from freshwater filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae.

Bryophyta

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Anapiculatisporites[14]

  • Anapiculatisporites dawsonensis
  • Anapiculatisporites pristidentatus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.

Cingutriletes[14]

  • Cingutriletes clavus
  • Circulisporites parvus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.

Distalanulisporites[14]

  • Distalanulisporites punctus
  • Distalanulisporites verrucosus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.

Foraminisporis[1]

  • Foraminisporis spp.
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida.

Nevesisporites[1][15][14]

  • Nevesisporites vallatus
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. This spore is found in Jurassic sediments associated with the polar regions.

Polycingulatisporites[1][15][14]

  • Polycingulatisporites crenulatus
  • Polycingulatisporites densatus
  • Polycingulatisporites mooniensis
  • Polycingulatisporites triangularis
  • Polypodiaceoisporites tortuosus
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.

Extant Notothylas specimens

Rogalskaisporites[14]

  • Rogalskaisporites cicatricosus
  • Rogalskaisporites multicicatricosus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.

Stereisporites[15][14]

  • Stereisporites antiquasporites
  • Stereisporites radiatus
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.

Extant Sphagnum specimens

Staplinisporites[15][14]

  • Staplinisporites caminus
  • Staplinisporites manifestus
  • Staplinisporites pocockii
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Encalyptaceae in the Bryopsida. Branching moss spores, indicating high water-depleting environments.

Extant Encalypta specimens; Staplinisporites probably come from similar genera

Lycophyta

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Antulsporites[14]

  • Antulsporites granulatus
  • Antulsporites saevus
  • Antulsporites varigranulatus
  • Antulsporites spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Apiculatisporis[14]

  • Apiculatisporis spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida

Cadargasporites[1][15][14]

  • Cadargasporites baculatus
  • Cadargasporites granulatus
  • Cadargasporites reticulatus
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings. This family of spores are also the most diverse in the formation.

Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae

Camarozonosporites[15][14]

  • Camarozonosporites clivosus
  • Camarozonosporites ramosus
  • Camarozonosporites rudis
  • Camarozonosporites spp.
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.

Lycopodiumsporites[15][14]

  • Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites
  • Lycopodiumsporites circolumenus
  • Lycopodiumsporites rosewoodensis
  • Lycopodiumsporites semimuris
  • Lycopodiumsporites triangularis
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.

Extant Lycopodium specimens

Neoraistrickia[14]

  • Neoraistrickia elongata
  • Neoraistrickia suratensis
  • Neoraistrickia truncata
  • Neoraistrickia spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Punctatosporites[15][14]

  • Punctatosporites walkomii
  • Boxvale Area
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.

Retitriletes[14]

  • Retitriletes austroclavatidites
  • Retitriletes huttonensis
  • Retitriletes rosewoodensis
  • Retitriletes semimurus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.

Lycopodiumsporites[14]

  • Sestrosporites pseudoalveolatus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.

Uvaesporites[14]

  • Uvaesporites verrucosus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Pteridophyta

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Annulispora[15][14]

  • Annulispora altmarkensis
  • Annulispora badia
  • Annulispora densata
  • Annulispora folliculosa
  • Annulispora microannulata
  • Annulispora radiata
  • Annulispora triangularis
  • Annulispora spp.
  • Boxvale area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the genus Saccoloma, type representative of the family Saccolomataceae. This fern spore resembles those of the living genus Saccoloma, being probably from a pantropical genus found in wet, shaded forest areas.

Extant Saccoloma specimens; Annulispora probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus

Baculatisporites[15][14]

  • Baculatisporites comaumensis
  • Boxvale area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Extant Osmunda specimens; Baculatisporites and Todisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus

Biretisporites[14]

  • Biretisporites modestus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.

Cingulatisporites[14]

  • Cingulatisporites caminus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Clavatisporites[14]

  • Clavatisporites hammenii
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Cyathidites[14]

  • Cyathidites australis
  • Cyathidites minor
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.

Extant Cyathea

Dictyophyllidites[15][14]

  • Dictyophyllidites mortoni
  • Boxvale area
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.

Dictyophyllidites[15][14]

  • Dictyophyllidites mortoni
  • Boxvale area
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.

Duplexisporites[14]

  • Duplexisporites problematicus
  • Duplexisporites spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Foveosporites[14]

  • Foveosporites moretonensis
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Gleicheniidites[15][14]

  • Gleicheniidites senonicus
  • Gleicheniidites spp.
  • Boxvale area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.

Extant Gleichenia specimens; Gleicheniidites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus

Granulatisporites[14]

  • Granulatisporites spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.

Extant Pityrogramma specimens

Heliosporites[14]

  • Heliosporites spp
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Ischyosporites[15][14]

  • Ischyosporites marburgensis
  • Ischyosporites surangulus
  • Boxvale area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Leiotriletes[15][14]

  • Leiotriletes directus
  • Leiotriletes magnus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Leptolepidites[15][14]

  • Leptolepidites major
  • Leptolepidites verrucatus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.

Extant Dennstaedtia specimens; Leptolepidites probably comes from similar genera

Matonisporites[15][14]

  • Matonisporites spp
  • Boxvale area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.

Osmundacidites[14]

  • Osmundacidites wellmanii
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Peroaletes[14]

  • Peroaletes rugosus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Perotrilites[14]

  • Perotrilites tenuis
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta

Polypodiisporites[14]

  • Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.

Rugulatisporites[14]

  • Rugulatisporites ramosus
  • Rugulatisporites spp.
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Peltaspermales

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Alisporites[15][14]

  • Alisporites australis
  • Alisporites lowoodensis
  • Alisporites similis
  • Boxvale Area
  • Pollen

Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. The lack of distinctive characters and poor conservation make this pollen difficult to classify. Arboreal to arbustive seed ferns.

Kekryphalospora[1]

  • Kekryphalospora distincta
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Extremely abundant

Vitreisporites[15][14]

  • Vitreisporites contectus
  • Vitreisporites pallidus
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.

Cycadophyta

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Cycadopites[14]

  • Cycadopites crassimarginis
  • Cycadopites granulatus
  • Cycadopites infirmus
  • Cycadopites nitidus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Cycadaceae in the Cycadales or with Cycadaceae and Bennettitaceae. It has been found associated with the Bennetite pollen cone Bennettistemon

Conifers

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Araucariacites[10][14]

  • Araucariacites australis
  • Araucariacites fissus
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Extant Araucaria. Callialasporites may come from a related plant

Callialasporites[10]

  • Callialasporites dampierii
  • Callialasporites turbatus
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Classopollis[1][15][14]

  • Classopollis classoides
  • Classopollis meyeriana
  • Classopollis simplex
  • Classopollis spp.
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.

Inaperturopollenites[15][14]

  • Inaperturopollenites turbatus
  • Inaperturopollenites spp.
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the Pinidae inside Coniferae.

Extant Pinus cembra Cone, example of the Pinidae. Inaperturopollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Indusiisporites[15][14]

  • Indusiisporites parvisaccatus
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae inside Coniferae.

Perinopollenites[1][15][14]

  • Perinopollenites elatoides
  • Boxvale Area
  • Chinchilla 4 Borehole
  • Condabri MB9-H Borehole
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Kenya East GW7 Borehole
  • Moonie 31 Borehole
  • Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole
  • Roma 8 Borehole
  • Taroom 17 Borehole
  • West Wandoan 1 Borehole
  • Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from dry environments.

Podocarpidites[14]

  • Podocarpidites ellipticus
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys and the medium arbustive Lepidothamnus, likely linked with Upland settings

Podosporites[15][14]

  • Podosporites spp.
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.

Trisaccites[14]

  • Trisaccites variabilis
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.

Zonalapollenites[15][14]

  • Zonalapollenites dampieri
  • Zonalapollenites segmentatus
  • Zonalapollenites trilobatus
  • Boxvale Area
  • GSQ Mundubera Borehole
  • Pollen

Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

Extant Picea.

References

  1. La Croix, Andrew D.; Sobczak, Kasia; Esterle, Joan S.; Bianchi, Valeria; Wang, Jiahao; He, Jianhua; Hayes, Phil; Underschultz, Jim R.; Garnett, Andrew (2022). "Integrating palynostratigraphy with zircon geochronology in the Lower Jurassic Precipice Sandstone and Evergreen Formation to improve stratigraphic correlation within the Great Artesian Basin, Australia". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 144 (4): 56–89. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105845. ISSN 0264-8172.
  2. Waschbusch, P.; Korsch, R.J.; Beaumont, C. (2009). "Geodynamic modelling of aspects of the Bowen, Gunnedah, Surat and Eromanga Basins from the perspective of convergent margin processes". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (3): 309–334. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  3. Hogetoorn, D.J. (1967). "Jurassic reservoirs of the Surat Basin". World Petroleum Congress. 7: 161–170. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  4. "Australian Government- Geoscience Australia Australian Stratigraphic Units Database". ga.gov.au. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  5. Todd, Christopher N.; Roberts, Eric M.; Knutsen, Espen M.; Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Huang, Hui-Qing; Spandler, Carl (December 2019). "Refined age and geological context of two of Australia's most important Jurassic vertebrate taxa (Rhoetosaurus brownei and Siderops kehli), Queensland". Gondwana Research. 76: 19–25. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.05.008.
  6. Sobczak, Kasia; La Croix, Andrew D.; Esterle, Joan; Hayes, Phil; Holl, Heinz-Gerd; Ciesiolka, Rachael; Crowley, James L.; Allen, Charlotte M. (2022). "Geochronology and sediment provenance of the Precipice Sandstone and Evergreen Formation in the Surat Basin, Australia: Implications for the palaeogeography of eastern Gondwana". Gondwana Research. 111: 189–208. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2022.08.003. ISSN 1342-937X.
  7. Withnall, I. W.; Hutton, L. J.; Bultitude, R. J.; Von Gnielinski, F. E.; Rienks, I. P. (2009). "Geology of the Auburn Arch, southern Connors Arch and adjacent parts of the Bowen Basin and Yarrol Province, central Queensland". Queensland Geology. 12 (2): 13–32. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  8. Martin, M.; Wakefield, M.; Bianchi, V.; Esterle, J.; Zhou, F. (2017). "Evidence for marine influence in the Lower Jurassic Precipice Sandstone, Surat Basin, eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 65 (1): 75–91. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  9. Warren, A. A.; Hutchinson, M. N. (1983). "The Last Labyrinthodont? A New Brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Early Jurassic Evergreen Formation of Queensland, Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 303 (1113): 1–62. Bibcode:1983RSPTB.303....1W. doi:10.1098/rstb.1983.0080. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  10. La Croix, A. D.; Wang, J.; He, J.; Hannaford, C.; Bianchi, V.; Esterle, J.; Undershultz, J. R. (2019). "Widespread nearshore and shallow marine deposition within the Lower Jurassic Precipice Sandstone and Evergreen Formation in the Surat Basin, Australia". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 109 (3): 760–790. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  11. Jell, P. A. (1983). "An Early Jurassic millipede from the Evergreen Formation in Queensland". Alcheringa. 7 (3): 195–199. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  12. Thulborn, Richard A; Warren, Anne (1980). "Early Jurassic plesiosaurs from Australia". Nature. 285 (57): 224–225. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  13. Kear, B. P. (2012). "A revision of Australia's Jurassic plesiosaurs". Palaeontology. 55 (5): 1125–1138. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  14. McKellar, J. L. (1974). "Jurassic miospores from the upper Evergreen Formation, Hutton Sandstone, and basal Injune Creek Group, north-eastern Surat Basin". Geological Survey of Queensland. 361 (35): 1–47 via ResearchGate.
  15. Paten, R.J. (1967). "Microfloral distribution in the Lower Jurassic Evergreen Formation of the Boxvale area, Surat Basin,Queensland". Queensland Government Mining Journal. 68 (79): 345–349.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.