Invitation to tender

• Open tenders, open calls for tenders, or advertised tenders are open to all vendors or contractors who can guarantee performance.
• Restricted tenders, restricted calls for tenders, or invited tenders are only open to selected pre-qualified vendors or contractors. The tender stage may form part of a two-stage process, the first stage of which (as in the expression-of-interest (EOI) tender call) was itself advertised,[4][5] resulting in a shortlist of selected suitable vendors. The reasons for using restricted tenders differ in scope and purpose. Restricted tenders can come about because of:
  • confidentiality issues (such as in military contracts)
  • the need for expeditiousness (as in emergency situations)
  • a need to exclude tenderers who do not have the financial or technical capabilities to fulfill the requirements.
• Sole source tenders, where only one potential supplier is invited to submit a tender. A sole source tender may be used where there is essentially only one suitable supplier of the services or product.

Dictionaries explain the etymology as coming from Old French tendre, which means 'to offer'.[6]

A typical invitation to tender template in any project has the following sections:[7]

• Introduction
• Project background
• Legal issues: proposed terms and conditions of contract
• Supplier response required
• Timetable for choosing a supplier
• Requirements for tender submission, for example a fully completed but otherwise unamended form of tender must be submitted by the specified deadline.

Variants may be requested in an invitation to tender and accepted for evaluation alongside fully compliant tenders. Variants allow suppliers to offer proposals which differ in non-essential terms from the supplies or services requested. Invitations which specify that variants will be accepted may reflect buyers' uncertainty about the best way of meeting their needs, even after pre-tender consultation with suppliers. The European Commission has suggested that requesting variants is one way in which suppliers can be asked to offer more socially responsible solutions to meeting public needs.[8]

Public sector organisations in many countries are legally obliged to release tenders for works and services. In the majority of cases, these are listed on their websites and traditional print media. Electronic procurement and tendering systems or e-procurement are also increasingly prevalent. The European Union states that 235,000 calls for tender are issued annually using its Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) system, including those issued by countries in the European Economic Area and beyond.[9] Public sector organisations in the United Kingdom use this system but from 11 pm on 31 December 2020, at the end of the Brexit transition period, a new e-notification service called "Find a Tender" (FTS) began to be used to post and view public sector procurement notices.[10] Relevant new procurement opportunities launched after 11 pm on 31 December 2020 must be published on this website.[11]

A number of companies provide subscription alert services which send notifications of relevant tender documents to the subscriber.

An array of private organisations also assist businesses in finding out about these tenders. Cost may vary from a few pounds a week to a few hundred.

Because of the specialised language and sometimes difficult-to-grasp procedures, there are several consulting organizations, who offer companies tender writing training, or undertake bid-writing for them.

ITTs may be distributed to potential bidders through a tender service, allowing businesses to receive and search live tenders from a range of public and private sources. These alerts are most commonly sent daily and can be filtered down by geographical area, or by business sector. Some tendering services divide types of business opportunities very finely in their own way, by CPV (Common Procurement Vocabulary) codes.[12] This enables a business to find ITTs specific to what that business can supply.

An ITT is usually an open invitation for suppliers to respond to a defined need as opposed to a request being sent to selected potential suppliers. The ITT often requests information following on from other information gathered previously from responses to a Request for information (RFI). This will usually not only cover product and service requirements, but will also ask for information about the suitability of the business.[13] A supplier questionnaire or pre-qualification questionnaire may be used to elicit suitability information from suppliers in a consistent manner.

An ITT is usually expected to conform to some legally standardized structure designed to ensure impartiality, and the tender bid winner is entitled to take responsibility of the contract business supply documentations formalities and settle any tender bid engagement charges for official recording.

Supplier questionnaires or pre-qualification questionnaires (PQQs) ensure that potential suppliers are all asked the same information when assessing their suitability to be invited to tender or to have their tenders evaluated. Some organisations issue a standard pre-qualification questionnaire, for example the UK government has developed standard core PQQ questions which have been revised several times and are "mandated for use" across government, and has also stipulated that PQQs should not be used by central government contracting bodies when procuring goods or services valued less than the threshold values set by European and UK procurement legislation.[14]

A tender box is a mailbox used to receive the physical tender or bid documents, or a digital equivalent.[15] When a tender or bid is being called, a tender or bid number is usually issued as a reference number for the tender box. The tender box would be open for interested parties to submit their proposals for the duration of the bid or tender. After the closing date, the tender box is closed and sealed and can only be opened by either the tender or bid evaluation committee or a member of the procurement department with two witnesses.

Even though the tender box is not implemented in every country around the world, the procedure remains the same. Tenders have a bidding period available to prepare and bid. Research has shown that the length of this period might affect the number of bids and as a result competition among renderers [16]

In an open bid or tender system, a double envelope system may be used. A double envelope system separates the technical proposal (based on and intended to meet the statement of work) from the financing or cost proposal in the form of two separate and sealed envelopes. During the tender evaluation, the technical proposal would be opened and evaluated first followed by the financing proposal. The objective of this system is to ensure a fair evaluation of the proposal. The technical proposal would be evaluated purely on its technical merits and its ability to meet the requirements set forth in the Invitation without being unduly skewed by the financial proposal.

Registered contractors may be required to furnish a bond for a stipulated sum as security or earnest money deposit to be adjusted against work done, normally in the form of bank guarantee or surety.

A tender validity date is a date until which a tenderer commits to keeping their prices (and other tender details) open for acceptance (or otherwise) by the client. Such a date is usually included in a form of tender,[17] either as a specified date or as the termination of a specified period from another key tender date. For example, in tendering for gym equipment in 2013, West Dunbartonshire Council required tenderers to accept that "Your tender shall remain open for acceptance for ninety (90) days from the date for return of tenders indicated above, or any subsequent date notified to you by us. Your tender may be accepted by us at any time during this period."

Post-tender negotiation involves negotiation between an intending buyer and seller after a seller's tender has been submitted. An initial stage may involve tender clarification, which is intended to eliminate any uncertainties or contradictory elements of a proposal, before moving into a true "negotiation" phase.

The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply believes that "provided it is undertaken professionally and ethically, ... post tender negotiation is an appropriate process to secure value for money.[18]

Other types of proposal and terms in use include:

• EOI – expression of interest
• IFB – invitation for bids
• ITN – Invitation to negotiate
• ITV – invitation to vendors
• RFA – request for applications
• RFD – request for documentation
• RFI – request for information
• RFO – request for offers
• RFP – request for proposal
• RFQ – request for quotation or request for qualifications
• RFS – request for services
• Sources sought

• Construction bidding – process of submitting a proposal to undertake, or manage the undertaking of a construction projectPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• E-procurement – Purchase or sale conducted through the internet
• ERFx – term of procurementPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Government procurement – Purchases by a government body
  • Government procurement in the European Union
• Presales – range of not clearly defined activities that are generally attributed to the sales process; unclear term for which no exact definition has yet been establishedPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Private electronic market
• Procurement – Acquisition of goods and services
• Project management – Practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and criteria at a specified time
• Proposal (business) – Written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer
• Request for proposal – Document that solicits a proposal
• Reverse auction – Auction with one buyer and many potential sellers
• Statement of work – Document in project management, including deliverables and timelines
• Strategic sourcing – Developing channels of supply at the lowest total cost, not just the lowest purchase price.

• Bidali Champinio (2023). The Worst Bidding Mistakes (4th ed.). London: Contract A Publishing. ASIN B0C7W2YXFL.