PALB2

Partner and localizer of BRCA2, also known as PALB2 or FANCN, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PALB2 gene.[5][6][7]

PALB2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPALB2, FANCN, PNCA3, partner and localizer of BRCA2
External IDsOMIM: 610355 MGI: 3040695 HomoloGene: 11652 GeneCards: PALB2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

79728

233826

Ensembl

ENSG00000083093

ENSMUSG00000044702

UniProt

Q86YC2

Q3U0P1

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_024675

RefSeq (protein)

NP_078951

NP_001074707
NP_001276771
NP_001276772
NP_001276773
NP_001276774

Location (UCSC)Chr 16: 23.6 – 23.64 MbChr 7: 121.71 – 121.73 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

Characterized domaines of PALB2
Recombinational repair of DNA double-strand damage - some key steps. ATM (ATM) is a protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand damages also activate the Fanconi anemia core complex (FANCA/B/C/E/F/G/L/M).[8] The FA core complex monoubiquitinates the downstream targets FANCD2 and FANCI.[9] ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2[10] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1.[11] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51.[12] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub,[13] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2 (BCDX2). The BCDX2 complex is responsible for RAD51 recruitment or stabilization at damage sites.[14] RAD51 plays a major role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA during double strand break repair. In this process, an ATP dependent DNA strand exchange takes place in which a single strand invades base-paired strands of homologous DNA molecules. RAD51 is involved in the search for homology and strand pairing stages of the process.

This gene encodes a protein that functions in genome maintenance (double strand break repair). This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2.[5] PALB2 binds the single strand DNA and directly interacts with the recombinase RAD51 to stimulate strand invasion, a vital step of homologous recombination,[15] PALB2 can function synergistically with a BRCA2 chimera (termed piccolo, or piBRCA2) to further promote strand invasion.[15]

Clinical significance

Variants in the PALB2 gene are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer [16] of magnitude similar to that associated with BRCA2 mutations [17] and PALB2-deficient cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors.[15]

PALB2 was recently identified as a susceptibility gene for familial pancreatic cancer by scientists at the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center at Johns Hopkins. This has paved for the way for developing a new gene test for families where pancreatic cancer occurs in multiple family members.[18] Tests for PALB2 have been developed by Ambry Genetics [19] and Myriad Genetics[20] that are now available.

Prophylactic mastectomy should be considered for women that had breast cancer and a PALB2 mutation.[21][22]

Biallelic mutations in PALB2 (also known as FANCN), similar to biallelic BRCA2 mutations, cause Fanconi anemia.[7]

Mutations in this gene have been associated with an increased risk of ovarian, breast and pancreatic cancer.[23]

Meiosis

PALB2 mutant male mice have reduced fertility.[24] This reduced fertility appears to be due to germ cell attrition resulting from a combination of unrepaired DNA breaks during meiosis and defective synapsis of the X and Y chromosomes. The function of homologous recombination during meiosis appears to be repair of DNA damages, particularly double-strand breaks (also see Origin and function of meiosis). The PALB2-BRCA1 interaction is likely important for repairing such damages during male meiosis.

See also

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000083093 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000044702 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: PALB2 partner and localizer of BRCA2".
  6. Xia B, Sheng Q, Nakanishi K, Ohashi A, Wu J, Christ N, et al. (June 2006). "Control of BRCA2 cellular and clinical functions by a nuclear partner, PALB2". Molecular Cell. 22 (6): 719–29. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.05.022. PMID 16793542.
  7. Xia B, Dorsman JC, Ameziane N, de Vries Y, Rooimans MA, Sheng Q, et al. (February 2007). "Fanconi anemia is associated with a defect in the BRCA2 partner PALB2". Nature Genetics. 39 (2): 159–61. doi:10.1038/ng1942. PMID 17200672. S2CID 36491877.
  8. D'Andrea AD (May 2010). "Susceptibility pathways in Fanconi's anemia and breast cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (20): 1909–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809889. PMC 3069698. PMID 20484397.
  9. Sobeck A, Stone S, Landais I, de Graaf B, Hoatlin ME (September 2009). "The Fanconi anemia protein FANCM is controlled by FANCD2 and the ATR/ATM pathways". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (38): 25560–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.007690. PMC 2757957. PMID 19633289.
  10. Castillo P, Bogliolo M, Surralles J (May 2011). "Coordinated action of the Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia pathways in response to oxidative damage". DNA Repair. 10 (5): 518–25. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.02.007. PMID 21466974.
  11. Stolz A, Ertych N, Bastians H (February 2011). "Tumor suppressor CHK2: regulator of DNA damage response and mediator of chromosomal stability". Clinical Cancer Research. 17 (3): 401–5. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1215. PMID 21088254.
  12. Taniguchi T, Garcia-Higuera I, Andreassen PR, Gregory RC, Grompe M, D'Andrea AD (October 2002). "S-phase-specific interaction of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCD2, with BRCA1 and RAD51". Blood. 100 (7): 2414–20. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-01-0278. PMID 12239151. S2CID 11001855.
  13. Park JY, Zhang F, Andreassen PR (August 2014). "PALB2: the hub of a network of tumor suppressors involved in DNA damage responses". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1846 (1): 263–75. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.06.003. PMC 4183126. PMID 24998779.
  14. Chun J, Buechelmaier ES, Powell SN (January 2013). "Rad51 paralog complexes BCDX2 and CX3 act at different stages in the BRCA1-BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination pathway". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 33 (2): 387–95. doi:10.1128/MCB.00465-12. PMC 3554112. PMID 23149936.
  15. Buisson R, Dion-Côté AM, Coulombe Y, Launay H, Cai H, Stasiak AZ, et al. (October 2010). "Cooperation of breast cancer proteins PALB2 and piccolo BRCA2 in stimulating homologous recombination". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 17 (10): 1247–54. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1915. PMC 4094107. PMID 20871615.
  16. Chen P, Liang J, Wang Z, Zhou X, Chen L, Li M, et al. (September 2008). "Association of common PALB2 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk: a case-control study". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (18): 5931–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0429. PMID 18794107.
  17. Antoniou AC, Casadei S, Heikkinen T, Barrowdale D, Pylkäs K, Roberts J, et al. (August 2014). "Breast-cancer risk in families with mutations in PALB2". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (6): 497–506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1400382. PMC 4157599. PMID 25099575.
  18. Jones S, Hruban RH, Kamiyama M, Borges M, Zhang X, Parsons DW, et al. (April 2009). "Exomic sequencing identifies PALB2 as a pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene". Science. 324 (5924): 217. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..217J. doi:10.1126/science.1171202. PMC 2684332. PMID 19264984.
  19. "Ambry Genetics".
  20. "Myriad Genetics". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
  21. Wright FC, Look Hong NJ, Quan ML, Beyfuss K, Temple S, Covelli A, et al. (February 2018). "Indications for Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: A Consensus Statement Using Modified Delphi Methodology". Annals of Surgery. 267 (2): 271–279. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002309. PMID 28594745. S2CID 28223281.
  22. Song CV, Teo SH, Taib NA, Yip CH (2018). "BRCA, TP53 and PALB2: a literature review". ecancermedicalscience. 12: 863. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2018.863. PMC 6113980. PMID 30174725.
  23. Yang X, Leslie G, Doroszuk A, Schneider S, Allen J, Decker B, et al. (December 2019). "PALB2 Pathogenic Variants: An International Study of 524 Families". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 38 (7): 674–685. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.01907. PMC 7049229. PMID 31841383.
  24. Simhadri S, Peterson S, Patel DS, Huo Y, Cai H, Bowman-Colin C, et al. (August 2014). "Male fertility defect associated with disrupted BRCA1-PALB2 interaction in mice". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (35): 24617–29. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.566141. PMC 4148885. PMID 25016020.

Further reading

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