FCRL3

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which consists of an extracellular region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmatic tail. The extracellular region consists of five immunoglobulin-like domains, which share varying degree of homology to extracellular domains of other Fc receptor-like protein family members, as well as extracellular domains of Fc receptors FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII.[3][6][7]

The transmembrane region consists of hydrophobic residues and is uncharged.[6][7]

The cytoplasmatic region contains two signalling motifs, a membrane-proximal  ITAM and a carboxy-proximal ITAM-like motif. The presence of both an activating and inhibitory motifs suggests potential dual-signalling properties.[3][6][7]

Fc receptor-like protein 3 has a role in regulation in both innate and adaptive signalling pathways in association with other signalling molecules. It contains both an activation (ITAM-like) and an inhibitory (ITIM) motif in its cytoplasmic region, pointing to its dual-regulatory potential. FCRL3 is capable of associating with intracellular signalling molecules including Syk, Zap-70, SHP-1, and SHP-2.[6][8]

Activation properties of FCRL3 were observed in relation to TLR9-mediated signalling. FCRL3 engagement with receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) augmented TLR9-mediated blood B cell survival, proliferation and activation.  It led to improved expression of activation markers CD25, CD86 and HLA-DR on cell surface via CpG-mediated NFκB and MAPK pathways activation. Expression of CD54 and CD80 was not significantly altered by this ligation. CpG signalling could potentially enhance differentiation of B cells into Ig-secreting plasma cells. But, FCRL3 ligation with mAbs halted differentiation of antibody secreting plasma B cells by inhibiting B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) expression via Erk signalling pathway.[7][8]

Inhibitory role of FCRL3 has been described in its negative regulation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling. Co-ligation of FCRL3 with BCR facilitates SHP-1 and SHP-2 recruitment via its intracellular ITIM motif. This leads to inhibition of Syk kinase and PLCγ2 phopshorylation, which suppresses downstream calcium signalling and apoptosis.[6][7][8]

FCRL3 has no known ligands.[6][7][8]

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is preferentially expressed on B cell, and is along the FCRL6 the only gene from this family which is expressed also outside B-cell lineage, as it has been detected also on NK cell and T cell subsets. The rest of the Fc receptor-like family are considered B cell markers.[6][7][8]

It is expressed in relatively low levels on naïve B cells, germinal center B cells, memory B cells, marginal zone B cells and peripheral blood and tonsil B-cells, and at slightly higher levels on splenic naïve and memory B cells. Its expression was not detected on pro-B cells, pre-B cells and bone marrow-derived plasmatic B cells.[7][8]

Highest levels of FCRL3 expression were detected on circulating memory B cells, as well as innate-like marginal zone B cells. Memory B cell subsets with innate-like properties have also been observed to have higher FCRL3 expression, which had a potent co-stimmulatory effect on TLR9-mediated B cell activation, as well as activation and inhibitory effect on plasma cell differentiation.[7][8]

Outside B cell lineage, FCLR3 expression has been detected on CD56⁺ natural killer cells, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as regulatory CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ T cells. Notably, it has also been observed on a subpopulation of natural Treg (nTreg) cells with high expression levels of PD-1, which had impaired IL-2 responsiveness, and also on Helios Treg cells, where it was co-expressed with T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT).[6][7][8]

Given its dual-signalling properties, FCRL3 mediates BCR signalling as well as plasma B cell maturation and antibody production.[7][8]

FCRL3 has been shown to interact with PTPN6.[9]

The FCRL3 loci is associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -169 C/T located in promoter region of FCRL3 has been linked to higher susceptibility to diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune thyroid disease. This polymorphism enhanced expression levels of FCRL3 via more efficient NFκB binding and increased promoted activity.[6][7][8][10]

Elevated expression levels of FCRL3 on Treg cells, cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells and γδ-T cells are associated with rheumatoid arthritis.[7]

FCRL3 gene polymorphism is also associated with multiple sclerosis, autoimmune pancreatitis, type I diabetes and Bahcet’s disease in various populations.[7]

Thymus derived FCRL3⁺ Treg were observed to have higher PD-1 expression and lower responsiveness to antigenic stimulation, as well as reduced suppression properties on effector T cell proliferation. FCRL3 expression on Treg cells is also associated with -169 C/T SNP in FCRL3 promoter region. Overall, FCRL3 expression on Treg cells leads to dysfunction in regulation of self-tolerance and increases susceptibility to autoimmunity.[6][7][10]

FCRL3 is considered an autoimmunity marker.[7][10]