ONGC FC

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Football Club (known simply as ONGC FC)[1][2][3][4] is an Indian professional multi-sports club based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, best known for the association football team.[5][6][7][8] The club was an institutional arm of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).[9][10]

ONGC FC
Full nameOil and Natural Gas Corporation Football Club
Nickname(s)Oilmen
Short nameONGC, ONGCFC
Founded1990s (as Oil & Natural Gas Commission)
2006 (2006) (revived as ONGC FC)
GroundCooperage Ground
Capacity5,000
OwnerONGC
ChairmanVivek Bhowmik
Head coachDharmesh Patel
LeagueMDFA Elite League
2012–13I-League, 9th (expelled)
WebsiteClub website

Nicknamed "oilmen", they competed in both the domestic top tiers National Football League, and I-League,[11][12] alongside the regional competition named MDFA Elite League.[13][14][15][16] The club also operate a non-professional football section, that participates in regional corporate tournaments, including All-India Public Sector League.[17]

History

2006–2010: I-League 2nd Division
ONGC players (in white and black) in action against Border Security Force in 2008 Durand Cup at Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi.

In 2006, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation revived its football section and renamed it as ONGC F.C.,[18][19] in hope of expanding their involvement in Indian football, which included title sponsoring the old National Football League, Durand Cup and Nehru Cup.[9] In their inaugural season in the I-League 2nd Division, the club finished on 6th place.[9] After their first season, the club offered their players full-time contracts and higher salaries, as well as inducting youth sections.[9] These changes helped the club finish on 5th place in the final round of the 2009 I-League 2nd Division,[20][21][22] after topping the group stage.[9] The next season would finally see ONGC get promoted,[23] after the club won the 2010 I-League 2nd Division and went undefeated in the final round.[9] It was the club's biggest achievement in domestic football.[24]

ONGC players defending against Salgaocar (in green) at the Durand Cup in New Delhi, 2008.
ONGC players in maroon, in action during a match in 2008.

In 2010, Caetano Pinho became the head coach of ONGC and helped the team winning the I-League 2nd Division and qualified for the 2010–11 season of I-League.[25] Unfortunately, after one season in the I-League, the club were relegated back into the 2nd Division and Pinho's job was on the line as ONGC were considering folding the club. Even Pinho himself said: "The club's poor showing had not gone down well with the management, who it was believed were even considering the most extreme of repercussions. For a company which supports 16 different disciplines of sports around the country, they had after all pumped in the maximum amount of money into the football club's coffers."[26][27]

2010–2014: I-League and back

After earning promotion into the I-League, ONGC made some unexpected signings with the signatures of Nigerian David Opara and re-signing Badmus Babatunde, who was the overall top-scorer during the 2010 I-League 2nd Division,[28][29][30] and signing former India national football team goalkeeper Rajat Ghosh Dastidar.[9] ONGC played their first match of the 2010–11 on 4 December 2010 against East Bengal at the Salt Lake Stadium, in which they lost 1–0. It took the club register first win till 9 January 2011 against Viva Kerala at home with David Opara scoring the lone goal for ONGC.[31] Then on 12 February 2011, ONGC created the biggest shock of the season after defeating East Bengal, who were undefeated before the game, 1–0 with Babatunde scoring in 58th minute at Cooperage Ground.[32] Despite the unexpected result, ONGC could only do so much as despite scoring 11 more goals in the 2nd half of the season, they ultimately finished on last 14th place, which meant straight relegation back into 2nd Division after only one season.[33]

ONGC began their mission for a comeback to the I-League by entering the 2012 I-League 2nd Division.[34] The immediately made an impact after finishing the group stage in first place and entered the final round as automatic contenders.[35] After a tough 12 matches in Siliguri and Sikkim, ONGC again finished in a promotion spot, 2nd place, and thus qualified for the 2012–13 I-League, which was confirmed on 17 April 2012, after the club drew 1–1 with Aizawl.[36][37][38] ONGC finished the next I-League season on 9th position with 31 points in 26 matches.[39][40]

The club has also participated in the 2013 IFA Shield unlikely. On 4 March 2013, it was announced that Muktijoddha Sangsad KC of Bangladesh would not participate in this tournament and instead current I-League club ONGC would take their place.[41] But they failed to qualify for the knockout stages.

In 2014, they participated in the 14th Darjeeling Gold Cup and won the tournament with a 5–0 win over Dalhousie AC of Kolkata in final.[42]

Sikkim Gold Cup win

In October 2014, ONGC participated in Sikkim Governor's Gold and reached to the final with a 2–1 win over Gangtok Himalayan.[43][44] They clinched the trophy defeating Manang Marshyangdi Club of Nepal on penalty shoot-out.[45][46]

In leagues of Mumbai

Since their inception, ONGC became a member of Western India Football Association (WIFA) and Mumbai District Football Association (formerly BDFA).[47][48][49] They participated in later editions of Mumbai Harwood League alongside Maharashtra Football League.[50][51]

Before getting revived in 2006, they participated in B.D.F.A League, and W.I.F.A. Super Division from 1990 to 1999 and clinched BDFA title in 1993.[51]

ONGC also participated in MDFA Elite Division,[52] and lifted trophies in 2015–16 and 2017–18 season.[53]

Expulsion

In spite of finishing 9th in the 2012–13 I-League table with 36 points, ONGC were excluded from the next season,[54] because they did not meet the AFC's club licensing criteria.[55][56] New club Oil India has taken sponsorship and majority of ONGC's squad in the following years.

Stadium
Main article: Cooperage Ground
Cooperage Football Ground before renovation

ONGC played all their home matches for the National Football League and I-League at the Cooperage Football Ground,[57] which is located at the Nariman Point, Mumbai.[58] It has a capacity of 5,000.[59][60]

During the 2010–11 I-League season, Rajarshi Shahu Stadium in Kolhapur, hosted numerous matches of Mumbai teams due to unavailability of Cooperage Ground. ONGC played its home games at this ground throughout the season.[61]

Notable players

For all former notable players of ONGC FC with a Wikipedia article, see: ONGC FC players.

Honours
See also: List of ONGC F.C. seasons

League

Cup

Other department

Field hockey

ONGC has its field hockey team.[81] It previously competed in Beighton Cup, one of world's oldest hockey tournaments.[82][83][84][85] They finished as runners-up in the prestigious trophy in 2011 and 2013. Affiliated with the Bombay Hockey Association, ONGC also appeared in Bombay Gold Cup and Guru Tegh Bahadur Gold Cup.[86]

Honours

Volleyball

ONGC operates men's volleyball team, that participates in domestic state and national level tournaments.

  • Chand Agarwala Memorial National Volleyball Championship
    • Runners-up (1): 2003[96]

See also

References
  1. "I-League 2nd Division 2016–17". kolkatafootball.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  2. Chaudhuri, Arunava (3 December 2012). "Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  3. Ayush Srivastava. "ONGC FC 5–1 Kalighat MS – Bhowmick's side hand the Kolkatan qualifiers a thrashing". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  4. "ONGC FC 3–1 Dempo SC: Subrata Bhattacharya's side end reigning champion's unbeaten run". Goal.com. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  5. "Jotin heads in HAL's points". bangaloremirror.com. Bengaluru: Bangalore Mirror. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  6. Bali, Rahul. "Santosh Kashyap appointed as the head coach of ONGC". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  7. "Air India strikes six to defeat ONGC". DNA India. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  8. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Football Club. Archived 16 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Global Sports Archive. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  9. Somnath Sengupta (15 February 2011). "Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC And HAL SC". www.thehardtackle.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  10. Dias, Anil (8 December 2021). "Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making". freepressjournal.in. Mumbai: The Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  11. "ONGC VS. PRAYAG UNITED 2 – 2". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  12. ONGC Football Club profile. Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  13. Sawant, Yash (17 November 2010). "Air India beats ONGC 1–0". DNA India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  14. "Eduardo goal saves Sporting". Deccan Herald. 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  15. "MFA announce teams for Super Division". Football Counter. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  16. Shetty, Chittu (4 November 2021). "MFA announce teams for Super Division". Football Counter. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  17. Khan, M. M. Jafar (8 March 2016). "Departments' League — A solution to many problems". englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com. Kochi: Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  18. Schöggl, Hans. "India - List of Foundation Dates". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  19. Nisanth V Easwar (10 September 2020). "I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed". goal.com. Goal. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  20. "Lajong, Pune FC in I-League". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. The Times of India. TNN. 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  21. "ONGC I-LEAGUE (2nd Division) 2008—2009". kolkatafootball.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  22. "2009 I-League 2nd Division results". soccerway.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  23. "I-League 2nd Division standings". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  24. "2010 I-League 2nd Division final round table". gcsstars.com. GCS Stars. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  25. Sengupta, Somnath (15 February 2011). "Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC and HAL SC". The Hard Tackle. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  26. Tamang, Silash. "Up close and personal with coach of ONGC Mumbai Caetano Pinho". iSikkim. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  27. Sundaresan, Bharat. "Oil stocks on the rise again". www.indianexpressews.com. The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  28. "ONGC vs Dempo: Preview". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  29. "ONGC made 1–1 draw vs AIFF XI". newshopper.sulekha.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  30. "Air India beats ONGC". thehindu.com. Kolhapur: The Hindu. 10 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  31. "ONGC humble Viva Kerala 1–0". WebIndia123. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  32. "Arunava about Football: I-League - Round 14: ONGC shock East Bengal, Salgaocar now top". Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  33. Chaudhuri, Arunava (2010). "ONGC Football Club 2010–11 Review". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  34. "AIFF 2nd Divn. I-League - 2012". www.kolkatafootball.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  35. Noronha, Anselm. "I-League second division: Final round analysis – How did the teams qualify". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  36. "ONGC PROMOTED, TO PLAY I LEAGUE NEXT SEASON". Barefootmag. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  37. "Indian Arrows v ONGC Live Commentary & Result, 01/12/12, I-League | Goal.com". www.goal.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  38. Sengupta, Somnath (17 April 2012). "Indian Football : ONGC, United Sikkim Clinch Promotion In Dramatic Finale". The Hard Tackle. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  39. ONGC and Air India were expelled from I-League because they failed to meet Asian Football Confederation's licensing criteria.
  40. "I-League: ONGC, AI hoping against hope". The Times of India. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  41. Bhattacharya, Nilesh (4 March 2013). "I-League side ONGC have been drafted in the IFA Shield as a last-minute replacement of Muktijoddha Sanshad of Bangladesh. ONGC will be grouped with East Bengal, United SC and Arrows in Pool A and will take East Bengal in their first match in Siliguri on Wednesday". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  42. "ONGC wins over Dalhousie Athletic Club of Kolkata". thestatesman.com. The Statesman (India). 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  43. "Breaking News: MMC Beats Sikkim FA To Enter Finals In 35th Governor's Gold Cup". goalnepal.com. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  44. "MMC Skipper Shiva Shrestha: We Want To Take Governor's Gold Cup Trophy To Nepal". goalnepal.com. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  45. "Breaking News: MMC Lose To ONGC Mumbai In The 35th Governor's Gold Cup Final". goalnepal.com. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  46. Hans Schöggl & Karel Stokkermans. "India tournaments 2014/15". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  47. Admin, FC (16 May 2017). "'First Ever' MDFA Awards Night adds cherry on top of the cake after a successful 2016-17 season". footballcounter.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  48. Bera, Kaustav. "Pailan Arrows 4-1 ONGC FC: Papas' boys trounce 10-man ONGC with ease". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  49. Chittu Shetty (11 August 2019). "Why this would be the right time to bring back 'Rovers Cup'". footballcounter.com. Football Counter. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  50. "History: The Harwood League". wifa.in. Western India Football Association. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  51. Neil Morrison. "India - List of Mumbai (Bombay) League Champions". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  52. Shetty, Chittu (28 January 2020). "Sunil Lohar shine with hat-trick in ONGC victory". footballcounter.com. Football Counter. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  53. Yadav, Siddharth (12 November 2016). "MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview". footballcounter.com. Mumbai: Football Counter. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  54. Saha, Kaushik (10 January 2014). "I-League 2013-14 : Mid-Season Review". goaldentimes.org. Golden Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  55. "I-League: ONGC, AI hoping against hope". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  56. Choudhuri, Arunava. "Interview with Bibek Bhowmik (ONGC Football Team Manager)". Arunfoot. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  57. Vaz, John. "Sporting Clube de Goa 1-2 ONGC FC: Flaming Oranje fall short as the Mumbai side end on a high". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  58. "Mumbai FC returns to Cooperage Football Stadium". the-aiff.com. All India Football Federation. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  59. Vasavda, Mihir (15 April 2011). "FIFA sanctions 2 million grant for Cooperage". dnaindia.com. DNA India. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  60. Rosy Sequeira (11 June 2011). "A Shot in the arm for Cooperage Ground". DNA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  61. "Goan bashing for Mumbai FC". hindustantimes.com. The Hindustan Times. 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018.
  62. ":::: The Aiff ::::". All India Football Federation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  63. Shukla, Kaushal (31 March 2015). "Clinical ONGC punish wasteful Mumbai Customs". footballcounter.com. Mumbai: Football Counter. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  64. Yadav, Siddharth (7 December 2016). "MDFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview". Mumbai: Football Counter. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  65. "India – List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  66. Arunava Chaudhuri. "List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  67. Arunava, Chaudhuri. "List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  68. "Mohammedan wins Durand Cup title". coverindialive.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  69. "KALINGA CUP FOOTBALL — ORISSA 2014". kolkatafootball.com. Kolkata Football. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  70. "14th All India Darjeeling Gold Cup: PREVIOUS WINNERS". kolkatafootball.com. Kolkata Football. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  71. Chaudhuri, Arunava (2008). "List of Winners/Runners-Up of the All-India Petroleum Sports Control Board Trophy". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  72. Chaudhuri, Arunava. "2006/07 Season in Indian Football". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  73. Nayse, Suhas (14 February 2016). "Nagpur FC to clash with ONGC in final". Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  74. Neil Morrison. "India — List of Nadkarni Cup Finals". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  75. Shukla, Kaudhal (5 December 2014). "Gritty ten men of ONGC overcome Air India on penalties to lift the 108th Nadkarni Cup". footballcounter.com. Mumbai: Football Counter India. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  76. "South United lose to ONGC, bows out of Gadhinglaj United Cup". gcsstars.com. Bengaluru: GCS Stars – Football in Bengaluru. 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  77. Chaudhuri, Arunava. "List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Hot Weather Football Championship: Himachal Pradesh". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  78. Chaudhuri, Arunava. "2002/03 Season in Indian Football". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  79. Chaudhuri, Arunava (2008). "List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Ballarpur Industries Football Trophy". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  80. "56th Principal Harbhajan Singh Memorial All-India Football Tournament — Minerva, ONGC in football final". tribuneindia.com. Chandigarh: The Tribune India. 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  81. "ONGC Hockey — Key players — Recent achievements". Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  82. "Beighton Cup". Hockey Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  83. "Prestigious Beighton Cup Revived After Three Years, 124th Edition Will Be Held From December 11–18". Hockey Passion. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  84. "Beighton Cup". Bharatiya Hockey. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  85. Mandapaka, Ravi Teja (25 October 2012). "From the Beighton and Aga Khan Cup to the HIL". Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  86. D'Souza, Dilip (19 December 2015). "Indian hockey: The curious case of the Bombay Gold Cup". LiveMint. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  87. "BEIGHTON CUP WINNERS AND RUNNERS-UP (1895—2019)". www.hockeybengal.org. Kolkata: Hockey Bengal. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  88. "Air India lifts maiden title". The Hindu. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  89. "Army XI lifts 118th Beighton Cup". Hockey India. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  90. "Bombay Gold Cup: BOMBAY GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT | GURU TEGH BAHADUR GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT". www.mumbaihockey.org. The Mumbai Hockey Association. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  91. "Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament: Year Winners — Runners-ups". hockeypassion.in. Kolkata: Hockey Passion. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  92. "Roll of Honour — Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament". gnsht.in. Gooncha Group. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  93. "Roll of Honour — SENIOR NEHRU HOCKEY TOURNAMENT". New Delhi: nehruhockey.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  94. "Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament — All Winners". hockeypassion.in. Hockey Passion. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  95. Keerthevasan, K (6 August 2017). "Hockey tournament: ONGC wins Murugappa Gold Cup". thehindu.com. Chennai: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  96. "Punjab Police, SR win title". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Renukot: The Times of India. TNN. 1 April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

Further reading

Bibliography

Cited sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.