Boomerang (roller coaster)

Boomerang is a model of roller coaster manufactured and designed by Vekoma, a Dutch manufacturer. The roller coaster model name is from the hunting implement based on the traditions of the Indigenous Australians. As of January 2023 there are 55 Boomerangs operating.

This article is about a roller coaster model called Boomerang. For the roller coaster element known by the same name, see Cobra roll.

Boomerang
Boomerang at Wild Adventures
StatusIn Production
First manufactured1984
No. of installations55
ManufacturerVekoma
Height35.51 m (116.5 ft)
Length285 m (935 ft)
Speed47 mph (76 km/h)
G force5.2
Capacity760 riders per hour
DurationAbout 1 min 48 sec
Restraint StyleOver-the-shoulder
Inversions6 [3 on track, but each run traverses the track twice]
Boomerang at RCDB

The roller coaster model was created in the early 1980s and was first introduced at four different parks around the world in 1984.

Design and ride experience
Boomerang's layout design

The Boomerang consists of a single train with seven cars, capable of carrying 28 passengers. The ride begins when the train is pulled backwards from the station and up the first lift hill by a catchcar. After being released, the train passes through the station, enters a Cobra roll element (referred to as a boomerang by the designers) and then travels through a vertical loop. After being pulled up a second lift hill, the train is released to head backwards through each inversion once more, making the total number of inversions per ride six. The train slows down as it passes through the station backwards and then comes to a complete stop in the station. This coaster model is popular among many amusement parks in the United States, but it has appeared at amusement parks around the world.

Boomerang coasters have occasionally stalled, often in the Cobra Roll element. As a precaution, many Boomerang coasters are built with an access platform just under the Cobra Roll/Boomerang element.

During the reverse cycle, riders experience a g force of up to 5.2 when the train re-enters the vertical loop at 47 miles per hour (76 km/h). In back row of the train – the first to enter the loop – this represents one of the most forceful moments seen in steel rollercoaster design.

Variant designs

There are three main design variants based on the Boomerang layout, all of which are produced by Vekoma.

Stinger when it was known as Invertigo at California's Great America

Invertigo
Main article: Invertigo (roller coaster)

The first variant of the Boomerang is the Invertigo. While retaining the same layout as the Boomerang, the Invertigo has inverted track, turning it into an inverted roller coaster. Each car has two rows of seats that are back-to-back, so the riders in the back row of each car would be facing those in the front of the trailing car. The first Invertigo, HangOver at Liseberg in Gothenburg, Sweden was supposed to open in 1996 with a new linear induction motor (LIM) or LSM lift. However, development problems delayed the ride's opening to 1997, and the design was remade to include a traditional chain lift like the original Boomerang. Only four Invertigo models were ever built.

Giant Inverted Boomerang
Stunt Fall at Parque Warner Madrid is one of five Giant Inverted Boomerangs built
Main article: Giant Inverted Boomerang

The second design is known as both the Giant Inverted Boomerang and the Super Invertigo. While maintaining a similar layout to the Boomerang, the track is again inverted and the size of the ride is increased. The track is 270 feet (82 m) longer, the two lift hills are almost 80 feet (24 m) taller and both hills are vertical. As of 2022, four Giant Inverted Boomerangs operate and one was under construction.

Family Boomerang

In late 2010, Vekoma announced that they would be manufacturing a family-friendly model of the Boomerang. The prototype opened at Drayton Manor Theme Park, as "Ben 10 – Ultimate Mission", in April 2011; it was later renamed to Accelerator.[1] Another model debuted on 17 May 2016 as “Velociraptor”, in the ‘Lost Kingdom’ themed area of Paultons Park. Unlike the other Boomerang roller coasters, a Family Boomerang does not feature inversions, but it still retains a similar shuttle design. The ride features the two signature end-spikes on (more or less) a figure-8 track layout. Phantasialand added the world's largest family boomerang, “Raik”, in 2016. This debuted in the new themed area of ‘Klugheim’, accompanying the adjacent Taron (an Intamin Blitz coaster).

Super Boomerang

In 2023, a new variant of the Boomerang model opened in Fantawild Wonderland in China.[2] This version uses a launch system rather than a catch car lift hill. [3]

Layouts
Layouts of the different variations
Boomerang
Boomerang
Invertigo
Invertigo
Giant Inverted Boomerang
Giant Inverted Boomerang

Ride locations
Coaster nameAmusement parkVariantOriginal openingStatus
Accelerator
Formerly Ben 10 - Ultimate Mission		Drayton Manor Theme ParkFamily Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2011Operating[4]
Aftershock
Formerly Déjà Vu		Silverwood Theme Park
Six Flags Great America		Giant Inverted Boomerang2008
2001		Operating
Closed 2007		[5]
[6]
AnacondaLuna Park, Tel AvivBoomerang2000Operating[7]
The BatCanada's WonderlandBoomerang1987Operating[8]
BoomerangBellewaerdeBoomerang1984Operating[9]
BoomerangElitch Gardens Theme ParkBoomerang1999Operating[10]
BoomerangEnergylandiaFamily Boomerang Rebound2017Operating[11]
BoomerangE-WorldBoomerang1995Operating[12]
BoomerangFreizeit-Land GeiselwindBoomerang2000Operating[13]
BoomerangFantasilandiaBoomerang1996Operating[14]
BoomerangGero LandBoomerang1997Operating[15]
BoomerangLa RondeBoomerang1984Operating[16]
BoomerangParc des CombesFamily Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2011Operating[17]
BúmeranParque Diversiones Costa RicaBoomerang2012Operating[18]
BoomerangParque de la CostaBoomerang1998Operating[19]
BoomerangSiam Park City
Jerudong Park Playground		Boomerang2007
1996		Operating
Closed 2006		[20]
[21]
BoomerangSix Flags Fiesta TexasBoomerang1999Operating[22]
BoomerangSix Flags Mexico
Rafaela Padilla		Boomerang1987
1984		Operating
Closed 1986		[23]
[24]
Boomerang
Formerly Flashback		Six Flags St. Louis
Six Flags Over Texas		Boomerang1989Operating
Closed 2012		[25]
[26]
BoomerangTrans Studio Bali, Indonesia
Pleasure Island Family Theme Park		Boomerang2019
1993		Operating
Closed 2016		[27]
[28]
BoomerangWalygator Sud-Ouest
Zygo Park		Boomerang1992
1987		Operating[29]
[30]
BoomerangWiener PraterBoomerang1992Operating[31]
BoomerangWild AdventuresBoomerang1998Operating[32]
BoomerangWorlds of FunBoomerang2000Operating[33]
BoomerangFamily Fun
Tivoli Karolinelund		Boomerang2015
2005		Operating
Closed 2010		[34]
[35]
Boomerang (飞旋过山车)Wuhan Zhongshan ParkBoomerang2017Operating[36]
BoomerangYerevan ParkFamily Boomerang Rebound2021Operating[37]
Boomerang: Coast to CoasterSix Flags Darien LakeBoomerang1998Operating[38]
Boomerang: Coast to CoasterSix Flags Discovery KingdomBoomerang1998Operating[39]
Boomerang Hyper Coaster
Formerly Boomerang		Trans Studio Cibubur, Indonesia
Knott's Berry Farm		Boomerang2019
1990		Operating
Closed 2017[40]		[41]
Boomerang Roller CoasterAmrapali FunlandFamily Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2014Operating[42]
Boomerang-Roller CoasterAl-Shallal Theme ParkBoomerang2004Operating[43]
Búmeran
Formerly Boomerang		Parque Diversiones
Playcenter São Paulo		Boomerang2012
1997		Operating
Closed 2012		[44]
[45]
BumerangTashkentlandBoomerang1995Operating[46]
CobraPowerParkBoomerang2005Operating[47]
CobraWalibi BelgiumBoomerang2001Operating[48]
Cloud ShuttleFantawild Wonderland TongshanSuper Boomerang2023Operating[49]
Diabolik
Formerly Two-Face: The Flip Side		Movieland Park
Six Flags America		Invertigo2015
1999		Operating
Closed 2007		[50]
Family Coaster (合家欢过山车)Happy ValleyFamily Boomerang2017Operating[51]
FamilyBoomerang RollerCoasterHappy ValleyBoomerang2020Operating[52]
FireballFuruvikFamily Boomerang2017Operating[53][54]
Flashback
Formerly Vampire
Formerly Boomerang		Six Flags New England
Kentucky Kingdom
Nanhu Amusement Park		Boomerang2000
1990
1985		Operating
Closed 1999
Closed late 1980s–early 1990s		[55]
[56]
[57]
Flashback
Formerly Boomerang: Coast to Coaster		Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane HarborBoomerang1997Operating[58]
The Flying Cobras
Formerly Carolina Cobra
Formerly Head Spin/Mind Eraser		Carowinds
Geauga Lake		Boomerang2009
1996		Operating
Closed 2007		[59]
[60]
Flash: Vertical VelocitySix Flags Great AdventureSuper Boomerang2024Under construction[61]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击)Fanta Park Glorious Orient NingboFamily Boomerang Rebound2021Operating[62]
Frontline Charge (火线 追击)Fanta Park Glorious Orient GanzhouFamily Boomerang Rebound2021Operating[63]
GeneratorWalibi Rhône-Alpes Boomerang1988Operating[64]
Giant Inverted Boomerang (巅峰一号)Jin Jiang Action ParkGiant Inverted Boomerang2011Operating[65]
Goliath
Formerly Déjà Vu		Six Flags New England
Six Flags Magic Mountain		Giant Inverted Boomerang2012
2001		Demolished
Closed 2011		[66]
[67][68]
High Speed Round TripBao Son Paradise ParkFamily Boomerang Rebound2019Operating[69]
Invertigo
Formerly Face/Off)		Kings IslandInvertigo1999Operating[70]
Jolly Rancher Remix
Formerly Sidewinder		HersheyparkBoomerang1991Operating[71]
Light ExplorersEnergylandiaFamily Boomerang Spirit2021Operating[72]
London LoopGlobal VillageFamily Boomerang2017Operating[73]
LunaLisebergFamily Boomerang2023Operating[74]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭)Oriental Heritage, ShanxiFamily Boomerang Rebound2021Operating[75]
Pine Tree Rocket (飞跃狗熊岭)Fantawild LandFamily Boomerang Rebound2021Operating[76]
Quantum LeapSochi ParkGiant Inverted Boomerang2014Operating[77]
Ragin' Cajun
Formerly Boomerang		Dixie Landing'
Hafan y Môr Holiday Park		Boomerang2001
1987		Operating
Closed 1998		[78]
RaikPhantasialandFamily Boomerang2016Operating[79][80]
Recoil
Formerly Thunderbolt		Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore
Aladdin's Kingdom		Boomerang2016
1994		Operating
Closed 2009		[81]
[82]
Recoil
Formerly Zoomerang
Formerly Demon
Formerly Titan		Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad
Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure
Wonderland Sydney
World Expo Park		Boomerang2016
2005
1992
1988		Operating
Closed 2011
Closed 2004
Closed 1988		[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
Recoil
Formerly Colossus		Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi
Habtoorland		Boomerang2017
2004		Operating
Closed 2011		[87]
[88]
SavenFårup SommerlandFamily Boomerang Spirit2020Operating[89]
Sea SerpentMorey's PiersBoomerang1984Operating[90]
Snow SlopeLusail Winter WonderlandFamily Boomerang Rebound2022Operating[91]
Space Shuttle Max
Formerly Cobra		Enchanted Kingdom
West Midland Safari Park		Boomerang1995
1985		Operating
Closed 1991		[92]
[93]
Spartan Race (Chúa tể đấu trường)
Formerly Flying Dolphin Coaster		VinWonders Phú QuốcFamily Boomerang 185 m (607 ft)2015Operating[94]
[95]
Speed of Sound
Formerly La Via Volta		Walibi HollandBoomerang2000Operating[96]
Stinger
Formerly Invertigo		Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
California's Great America		Invertigo2012
1998		Demolished
Closed 2010		[97][98][99]
Stress ExpressFantawild Dreamland, FujianBoomerang2013Operating[100]
Stress ExpressFantawild AdventureBoomerang2012Operating[101]
Stress ExpressOriental Heritage JinanBoomerang2015Operating[102]
Stress Express Fantawild Dreamland, HunanBoomerang2016Operating[103]
Stress Express Oriental Heritage JiujiangBoomerang2015Operating[104]
Stress ExpressOriental Heritage CixiBoomerang2016Operating[105]
Stress ExpressFantawild Asian LegendBoomerang2018Operating[106]
Stress ExpressSilk Road DreamlandBoomerang2019Operating[107]
Stunt FallParque Warner MadridGiant Inverted Boomerang2002Operating[108]
Tidal WaveTrimper's RidesBoomerang1986Operating[109]
Triops
Formerly Tornado
Formerly Unknown
Formerly HangOver		Bagatelle
Sommerland Syd
Allou Fun Park
Liseberg		Invertigo2012
2005
Never opened>
1997		Operating
Closed 2011
Never opened
Closed 2002		[110]
[111]
[112]
[113]
Turbo Dino (角龙战车)Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur KingdomFamily Boomerang Rebound2022Operating[114]
TweestrydWildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen(Double) Family Boomerang2018Operating[115]
VelociraptorPaulton's ParkFamily Boomerang2016Operating[116]
VolldampfErlebnispark TripsdrillFamily Boomerang2020Operating[117]
Whirly Roller Coaster
Formerly Boomerang		Floraland Continent Park
Qingdao International Beer City		Boomerang2015
1995		Operating
Closed 2010		[118]
[119]
Wipeout
Formerly Missile
Formerly Coca-Cola Roller		Pleasurewood Hills
The American Adventure Theme Park
Glasgow Garden Festival		Boomerang2007
1989
1988		Operating
Closed 2004
Closed 1988		[120]
[121]
[122]
ZoomerangLake CompounceBoomerang1997Operating[13]
Zydeco Scream
Formerly Boomerang		Six Flags New Orleans
Parc de Montjuic		Boomerang2000
1990		SBNO Since 2005
Closed 1998		[123]
UnknownFantawild, MudanFamily Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction[124]
UnknownFantawild, RenchengFamily Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction[125]
UnknownFantawild, LiangyuanFamily Boomerang Rebound2023Under Construction[126]
UnknownEmerald ParkFamily Boomerang Spirit2024Under Construction[127]
UnknownOriental Heritage, HenanFamily Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction[128]
UnknownOriental Heritage, JiangxiFamily Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction[129]
UnknownFantawild, YunnanFamily Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction[130]
UnknownFantawild, JiangsuFamily Boomerang Rebound2024Under Construction[131]
UnknownWarner Bros. Movie World(Double) Family Boomerang2024Under Construction[132]
Unknown
Formerly Déjà Vu		Mirabilandia
Six Flags Over Georgia		Giant Inverted BoomerangTBD
2001		In Storage
Closed 2007		[133][134]
THE FLASH™: Vertical VelocitySix Flags Great AdventureSuper Boomerang2024Under Construction[135]

See also

References
  1. "Location | Days Out in Tamworth | Drayton Manor Theme Park".
  2. https://rcdb.com/19714.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. https://www.vekoma.com/sitdown-thrill-coasters/super-boomerang. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. Marden, Duane. "Accelerator  (Drayton Manor)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  5. Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  6. Marden, Duane. "Aftershock  (Silverwood Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  7. Marden, Duane. "Anaconda  (Luna Park Tel Aviv)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  8. Marden, Duane. "Bat  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  9. Marden, Duane. " (Bellewaerde Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  10. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Elitch Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  11. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  12. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (E-World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  13. Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Lake Compounce)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  14. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Fantasilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  15. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Gero Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  16. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  17. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parc des Combes)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  18. Marden, Duane. "Búmeran  (Parque Diversiones)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  19. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Parque de la Costa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  20. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Jerudong Park Playground)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  21. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Siam Park City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  22. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  23. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Six Flags Mexico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  24. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Rafaela Padilla)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  25. "Boomerang | New for 2013". Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  26. Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  27. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Trans Studio Bali)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  28. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Pleasure Island Family Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  29. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Walygator Sud-Ouest)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  30. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Zygo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  31. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  32. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wild Adventures)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  33. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  34. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Family Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  35. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Tivoli Karolinelund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  36. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Wuhan Zhongshan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  37. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Yerevan Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  38. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  39. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Coast to Coaster  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  40. "Knott's Berry Farm on Instagram: "Take your last ride on Boomerang during the Knott's #BoysenberryFestival before the coaster closes forever on April 23!"". Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
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  42. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang Roller Coaster  (Amrapali Funland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  43. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang-Roller Coaster  (Al-Shallal Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  44. Marden, Duane. "Búmeran  (Parque Diversiones)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  45. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Playcenter São Paulo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  46. Marden, Duane. "Bumerang  (Tashkentland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  47. Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (PowerPark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  48. Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  49. https://rcdb.com/19714.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  50. Marden, Duane. "Diabolik  (Movieland Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  51. Marden, Duane. "Family Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  52. Marden, Duane. "FamilyBoomerang RollerCoaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  53. "Fireball - Furuvik (Gävle, Gävleborg, Sweden)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  54. Marden, Duane. "Fireball  (Furuvik)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  55. Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  56. Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  57. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Nanhu Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  58. Marden, Duane. "Flashback  (Great Escape)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  59. Marden, Duane. "Carolina Cobra  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  60. Marden, Duane. "Head Spin  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  61. https://rcdb.com/21088.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  62. Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  63. Marden, Duane. "Frontline Charge  (Fanta Park Glorious Orient)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  64. Marden, Duane. "Generator  (Walibi Rhône-Alpes)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  65. Marden, Duane. "Giant Inverted Boomerang  (Jin Jiang Action Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  66. Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  67. MacDonald, Brady (19 August 2011). "Six Flags Magic Mountain to remove Deja Vu coaster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  68. MacDonald, Brady (1 September 2011). "Six Flags unveils new attractions for every park in 2012". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  69. Marden, Duane. "High Speed Round Trip  (Bao Son Paradise Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  70. Marden, Duane. "Invertigo  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  71. Marden, Duane. "Jolly Rancher Remix  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  72. Marden, Duane. "Light Explorers  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  73. Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  74. Marden, Duane. "London Loop  (Global Village)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  75. Marden, Duane. "Pine Tree Rocket  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  76. Marden, Duane. "Pine Tree Rocket  (Fantawild Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  77. Marden, Duane. "Quantum Leap  (Sochi Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  78. Marden, Duane. "Ragin' Cajun  (Dixie Landing')". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  79. "Family-Boomerang RAIK". Phantasialand. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  80. Marden, Duane. "Raik  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  81. Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  82. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbolt  (Aladdin's Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  83. Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Hyderabad)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  84. Marden, Duane. "Zoomerang  (Alabama Adventure & Splash Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  85. Marden, Duane. "Demon  (Wonderland Sydney Bangalore)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  86. Marden, Duane. "Titan  (World Expo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  87. Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Habtoorland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  88. Marden, Duane. "Recoil  (Wonderla Amusement Park Kochi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  89. Marden, Duane. "Saven  (Fårup Sommerland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  90. Marden, Duane. "Sea Serpent  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  91. Marden, Duane. "Snow Slope  (Lusail Winter Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  92. Marden, Duane. "Space Shuttle  (Enchanted Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  93. Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (West Midland Safari Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  94. Marden, Duane. "Spartan Race  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  95. Marden, Duane. "Flying Dolphin Coaster  (Vinwonders)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  96. Marden, Duane. "Speed of Sound  (Walibi Holland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  97. Marden, Duane. "Stinger  (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  98. "Exclusive Photos of the Deconstruction of Stinger at Dorney Park". 31 March 2018.
  99. Marden, Duane. "Invertigo  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  100. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  101. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  102. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  103. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  104. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  105. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  106. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Fantawild Asian Legend)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  107. Marden, Duane. "Stress Express  (Silk Road Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  108. Marden, Duane. "Stunt Fall  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  109. Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave  (Trimper's Rides)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  110. Marden, Duane. "Triops  (Bagatelle)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  111. Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Sommerland Syd)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  112. Marden, Duane. "unknown  (Allou Fun Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  113. Marden, Duane. "HangOver  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  114. Marden, Duane. "Turbo Dino  (Zigong Fantawild Dinosaur Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  115. Marden, Duane. "Tweestryd  (Wildlands Adventure Zoo Emmen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  116. Marden, Duane. "Velociraptor  (Paulton's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  117. Marden, Duane. "Volldampf  (Erlebnispark Tripsdrill)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  118. Marden, Duane. "Whirly Roller Coaster  (Floraland Continent Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  119. Marden, Duane. "Boomerang  (Qingdao International Beer City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  120. Marden, Duane. "Wipeout  (Pleasurewood Hills)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  121. Marden, Duane. "Missile  (American Adventure Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  122. Marden, Duane. "Coca-Cola Roller  (Glasgow Garden Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  123. Marden, Duane. "Zydeco Scream  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  124. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  125. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  126. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  127. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Emerald Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  128. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  129. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Oriental Heritage)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  130. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  131. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantawild)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  132. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  133. Marden, Duane. "Déjà Vu  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  134. Marden, Duane. "Sky Mountain  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  135. "THE FLASH™: Vertical Velocity". Six Flags Great Adventure. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
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