Felipe Carrillo Puerto

Carrillo Puerto was born in the town of Motul, Yucatán, 45 km northeast of Mérida, and was of partly indigenous Maya background; he was rumored to be a descendant of the Nachi Cocom dynasty of Mayapan. His parents were the merchant Justiniano Pasos Carrillo Puerto and his wife Adelaide Solis. He was one of fourteen children, thirteen of whom lived into adulthood. Although his family were Spanish speakers, he also grew up speaking Maya (Mayathan), the language of the neighborhood children.

He was a socialist who favored land reform, women's suffrage, and rights for the indigenous Maya people. As a teenager during the Caste War, he was briefly imprisoned for urging the Maya people to tear down a fence that had been built by the large landowners around lands in the community of Dzununcán to keep the Maya out.[2] He obtained work on the local railways (known as tramways), joined the railway workers union, and married Isabel Palma.[2]

Carrillo Puerto then began publishing and editing El Heraldo de Motul, which was briefly closed down in 1907 by the authorities for "insulting public officials".[3] In the Yucatán gubernatorial election of 1909, Carrillo Puerto supported the candidacy of the poet Delio Moreno Cantón in the three-way race against the Antirreeleccionista Party's (Maderista's) José María Pino Suárez, and the pro-Díaz Enrique Muñoz Arístegui. Arístegui was announced as the winner in what is generally considered to have been a fraudulent tally.[3][4] In 1910 he attended the Third Congress of the Associated Press of the States (Congreso de la Prensa Asociada de los Estados) in Mexico City and spearheaded a resolution to free the political prisoners being held at San Juan de Ulúa; a resolution that President Díaz acceded to.[3] In 1912, he went to work as a reporter and columnist for the periodical Revista de Mérida run by his friend and colleague Carlos R. Menéndez.

In 1923, he had a romance with a United States journalist, Alma Reed of San Francisco, California, which was commemorated in the song commissioned by him: "Peregrina", written by the poet Luis Rosado de la Vega and the composer Ricardo Palmerín.[3][5]

In February 1922 Felipe Carrillo Puerto took the oath of office and made his first speech as governor, and did so in the Maya language . He promised to respect and enforce the Federal Constitution, as well as the resolutions adopted by the Workers' Congress of Motul and Izamal.[2] During his 20 months as governor, Carrillo Puerto initiated land reform, confiscating large estates and returning land to the native Maya. He promoted new farming techniques, granted women political rights, began family planning programs, fought against alcoholism, and fought for the conservation and restoration of the pre-Columbian Maya archaeological sites. In the first year of his administration 417 public schools were opened.[3]

As governor he founded the Universidad Nacional del Sureste, now called the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY).[6][7]

Carrillo Puerto was not a supporter of the Adolfo de la Huerta rebellion against President Álvaro Obregón, and General Plutarco Elías Calles. As a result, he was captured by rebel army officers, tried by a military tribunal, and executed by a firing squad on 3 January 1924, along with three of his brothers, Wilfrido, Benjamin, and Edesio, and eight of their friends.[8]

Felipe Carrillo Puerto was called the "Red Dragon with the Eyes of Jade" ("El Dragón Rojo de los Ojos de Jade") by his enemies[9] and the "Apostle of the Bronze Race" ("Apóstol de la raza de bronce") by those who loved him.[2]

The movie Peregrina regarding his life was made in 1974 starring Antonio Aguilar.[10]

The towns of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Nayarit Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo (formerly Santa Cruz de Bravo), Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Michoacan, Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Oaxaca and Motul de Carrillo Puerto were named in his honor.

• Reed, Alma M. (2007). Peregrina: Love and Death in Mexico. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70239-4.
• Carrillo, Antonio Bustillos; Rosado, Esteban Durán (1974). Felipe Carrillo Puerto: Los primeros congresos obreros de Yucatán (in Spanish). México, D.F.: Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. OCLC 45721983.
• Macosay, Berenice Lacroix (1985). Felipe Carrillo Puerto. Colección Conciencia cívica nacional, #13. México, D.F.: Departamento del Distrito Federal de México. ISBN 978-968-816-048-0.
• Sarkisyanz, Manuel (2003). Felipe Carrillo Puerto: Actuación y muerte del apóstol rojo de los mayas (in Spanish) (second ed.). México, D.F.: Mesa Directiva LVIII Legislatura H. Cámara de Diputados. ISBN 978-968-7181-94-3.
• Oroso Díaz, Jaime (1983). Felipe Carrillo Puerto (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Maldonado. OCLC 11241897.