Casuarina equisetifolia

Casuarina equisetifolia is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of 6–12 m (20–39 ft), sometimes to 35 m (115 ft), and has bark that is smooth and greyish on young specimens, scaly or furrowed on older trees. The branchlets are drooping, up to 300 mm (12 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.7 mm (0.028 in) long, arranged in whorls of 7 or 8 around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 5–13 mm (0.20–0.51 in) long and 0.5–1.0 mm (0.020–0.039 in) wide. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) long in whorls of 7 to 11.5 per centimetre (per 0.39 in.) the anthers 0.6–0.8 mm (0.024–0.031 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long and sparsely covered with soft or woolly hairs. Mature cones are 10–24 mm (0.39–0.94 in) long and 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) in diameter, the samaras 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long.[2][4][5]

The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described was Casuarina equisetifolia.[6][7] The specific epithet (equisetifolia) means "horsehair-leaved".[4]

In 1873, George Bentham described Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana and C. equisetifolia var. equisetifolia in Flora Australiensis.[8] and in 1982, Lawrie Johnson changed the names to subspecies equisetifolia and incana respectively, in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens:[9]

• Casuarina equisetifolia L. subsp. equisetifolia,[10] a tree 7–35 m (23–115 ft) high, the articles 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) with 8 to 10 teeth 0.3–0.8 mm (0.012–0.031 in) long, the male spikes 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) long, the cones 12–24 mm (0.47–0.94 in) long and 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) wide on a peduncle 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long.[11]

• Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Benth.) L.A.S.Johnson.[12] a tree 6–12 m (20–39 ft) high, the articles 7–13 mm (0.28–0.51 in) long and 0.7–1.0 mm (0.028–0.039 in) with 8 to 10 teeth about 0.7 mm (0.028 in) long, the male spikes 12–25 mm (0.47–0.98 in) long, the cones 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long, 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) wide and densely covered with white to rust-coloured hairs, on a peduncle 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long.[2][13] The epithet incana means "white" or "hoary".[14]

There is some doubt as to whether Linnaeus' publication of C. equisetifolia is valid, since he based his description solely on Rumphius's description of Casuarina litorea in Herbarium Amboinense[15] and there are no type specimens.[16]

Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia grows near the sea, behind beaches and near estuaries, sometimes on rocky headlands in Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India.[1][4] The species is native to India and Bangladesh in South Asia, Myanmar, the Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, Borneo, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, islands in the South China Sea, Sulawesi and Sumatra in Southeast Asia, the Carolines, Fiji, the Marianas, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, and New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and Queensland in Australia.[1][4][11]

Subspecies incana grows on rocky headlands near the coasts of eastern Queensland and New South Wales as far south as Laurieton.[2][4][13][17]

The has been introduced to many other continents and islands.[1] It is an invasive species in the United States, but biological control by insects, including by a Selitrichodes wasp and Carposinidae and Gelechiidae moths has been effective.[18][19][20] It is also regarded as being invasive in South Africa.[21]

Other than ornamental purposes, Casuarina was also explored in for its potential in remediation of textile dye wastewater. Casuarina leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes such as reactive orange 16[22] Rhodamine B,[23] methylene blue, malachite green[24] and methyl violet 2b.[25] Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able to remove Rhodamine B,[26] and methyl violet 2b.[27] The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue.[28] Even the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green.[29] The carbon derived from the cones of Casuarina was found to be good absorbent for the landfill leachate,[30] while another laboratory also reported good absorbent for copper ions from aqueous solution.[31]

• 
  Branchlets and male spike
• 
  Mature female cones
• 
  Samara
• 
  Male spikes

• Pinus kesiya, the Khasi or Benguet pine

• NT Flora: Casuarina equisetifolia. Northern Territory Government.

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