Vlissingen

Vlissingen (Dutch: [ˈvlɪsɪŋə(n)] ; Zeelandic: Vlissienge), historically known in English as Flushing, is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on the former island of Walcheren. With its strategic location between the Scheldt river and the North Sea, Vlissingen has been an important harbour for centuries. It was granted city rights in 1315. In the 17th century Vlissingen was a main harbour for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It is also known as the birthplace of Admiral Michiel de Ruyter.

Vlissingen
Vlissienge (Zeeuws)
Flushing
Flag of Vlissingen
Coat of arms of Vlissingen
Highlighted position of Vlissingen in a municipal map of Zeeland
Location in Zeeland
Vlissingen is located in Netherlands
Vlissingen
Vlissingen
Location within the Netherlands
Vlissingen is located in Europe
Vlissingen
Vlissingen
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 51°27′N 3°34′E
CountryNetherlands
ProvinceZeeland
Boroughs
8 Districts
  • Binnenstad
  • Middengebied
  • Paauwenburg-Westduin
  • Lammerenburg
  • Oost-Souburg
  • Ritthem
  • Binnen- en Buitenhavens
  • Sloegebied
Government
  BodyMunicipal council
  MayorBas van den Tillaar (CDA)
Area
  Total344.84 km2 (133.14 sq mi)
  Land34.31 km2 (13.25 sq mi)
  Water310.53 km2 (119.90 sq mi)
Elevation1 m (3 ft)
Population
 (January 2021)[4]
  Total44,358
  Density1,293/km2 (3,350/sq mi)
DemonymVlissinger
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
  Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
4380–4389
Area code0118
Websitevlissingen.nl

Vlissingen is mainly noted for the yards on the Scheldt where most of the ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy (Koninklijke Marine) are built.

Geography

The municipality of Vlissingen consists of the following places:

History

Vlissingen from the sea, 1662
The Arrival at Vlissingen of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, oil on canvas.

The fishermen's hamlet that came into existence at the estuary of the Schelde around AD 620 has grown over its 1,400-year history into the third-most important port of the Netherlands. The Counts of Holland, Flanders, and Zeeland had the first harbours dug. Over the centuries, Vlissingen developed into a hub for fishing, especially the herring fishery, commerce, privateering and the slave trade.

The first reliable records of Old Vlissengen date from a charter of 1247, when the town already had a church and an infirmary; another in 1264 mentions a steenhuus or castle, the foundations of which were uncovered during the construction of a new town hall in 1965. In 1294, the town was purchased by Floris V, Count of Holland, who recognised the strategic and economic potential of its location and began its development. The port facilities were further extended in the mid-15th century, financed by a local monopoly in the herring trade. In the mid-16th century, the town fell into poverty due to the Eighty Years' War, the Dutch revolt against Spanish occupation, and particularly owing to the punitive taxes imposed by the Duke of Alba. In April 1572, the townspeople staged a successful uprising, expelling the Flemish garrison, firing at ships bringing reinforcements and hanging a Spanish nobleman in front of the town hall.[5] Under the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585, English garrisons were stationed here and at Brill to keep these ports out of Spanish hands. The towns were sold back to the Dutch in 1616.[6]

During the heyday of the Dutch Golden Age, ships from Vlissingen set sail for the various outposts of the Dutch colonial empire and contributed to the world power of The Seven Provinces.

The history of Vlissingen was also marked by invasion, oppression and bombardments. Because of its strategic position at the mouth of the Schelde, the most important passageway to Antwerp, it has attracted the interest, at one time or another, of the British, the French, the Germans and the Spanish. Floods have also been a constant threat. Vlissingen declined during the 18th century. The Napoleonic Wars were particularly disastrous. After 1870, the economy revived after the construction of new docks and the Walcheren canal, the arrival of the railway and the establishment of the shipyard called De Schelde. The Second World War interrupted this growth. The city was heavily damaged by shelling and inundation but was captured and liberated by British Commandos of 4th Special Service Brigade on 3 November 1944.

The city was rebuilt after the war. In the 1960s, the seaport and industrial area of Vlissingen-Oost developed and flourished. Now this area is the economic driving force behind central Zeeland, generating many thousands of jobs. Nowadays approx. 50,000 ships annually from all corners of the world pass through the Schelde.[7]

Vlissingen's seaside boulevard at the start of the 21st century.

Name

Etymology

The derivation of the name Vlissingen is unclear, though most scholars relate the name to the word fles ("bottle") in one way or another.

According to one story, when saint Willibrord landed in Vlissingen with a bottle in the 7th century, he shared its contents with the beggars he found there while trying to convert them. A miracle occurred, typical of hagiography, when the contents of the bottle did not diminish. When the bishop realised the beggars did not want to listen to his words, he gave them his bottle. After that, he supposedly called the city Flessinghe.

Another source states that the name had its origins in an old ferry-service house, on which a bottle was attached by way of a sign. The monk Jacob van Dreischor, who visited the city in 967, then apparently called the ferry-house het veer aan de Flesse ("the ferry at the Bottle"). Because many cities in the region later received the appendix -inge, the name, according to this etymology, evolved to Vles-inge.

According to another source, the name was derived from the Danish word Vles, which means "tides".

The eastern cape of Novaya Zemlya, Cape Flissingsky was named after the city in 1596 by Willem Barentsz.

Historical English name "Flushing"

Vlissingen was historically called "Flushing" in English. In the 17th century, Vlissingen was important enough for English speakers that it had acquired an anglicised name. For example, Samuel Pepys referred to the town as "Flushing" in his diaries. In 1673, Sir William Temple referred to Vlissingen as "Flushing" once and "Flussingue" twice in his book about the Netherlands.[8] Some English writers in the Netherlands also used the Dutch name.

The American settlement of Flushing, originally a Dutch colonial village founded in 1645 and now part of Queens, New York City, was first called Vlissingen after the town in the Netherlands. The English settlers who also came to live in the village[9] shortened the name to "Vlissing" by 1657 and then began to call it by its English name "Flushing." The Anglicisation of "Vlissingen" into "Flushing" did not occur after the conquest of New Netherland, but in England well before then. This village was the site of the Flushing Remonstrance.

The village of Flushing in Cornwall was also named after Vlissingen. Originally named Nankersey, the village was given its name by Dutch engineers from Vlissingen in the Netherlands who built the three main quays in the village. Michigan and Ohio in the US have villages called Flushing as well.

Topography

Topographic map image of Vlissingen (city), Sept. 2014

Topographic map of Vlissingen (city), Sept. 2014

Climate

Vlissingen has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) that is milder than the rest of the Netherlands due to its more southern location on the coast.[10] It is approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius warmer annually than Groningen in the northeast. It is also one of the sunniest cities in the Netherlands, receiving approximately 180 more sunshine hours than Maastricht in the southeast. Its all-time record is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) set on 27 July 2018 and −18.9 °C (−2.0 °F) on 21 February 1956.

Climate data for Vlissingen (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1906−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6)
16.9
(62.4)
21.1
(70.0)
29.9
(85.8)
34.9
(94.8)
34.6
(94.3)
37.3
(99.1)
34.2
(93.6)
33.2
(91.8)
25.0
(77.0)
18.3
(64.9)
14.8
(58.6)
37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)
6.8
(44.2)
9.6
(49.3)
13.3
(55.9)
16.8
(62.2)
19.6
(67.3)
21.8
(71.2)
22.0
(71.6)
19.0
(66.2)
14.8
(58.6)
10.4
(50.7)
7.2
(45.0)
14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1)
4.6
(40.3)
6.8
(44.2)
9.8
(49.6)
13.3
(55.9)
16.1
(61.0)
18.4
(65.1)
18.6
(65.5)
16.1
(61.0)
12.4
(54.3)
8.5
(47.3)
5.4
(41.7)
11.2
(52.2)
Average low °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)
2.6
(36.7)
4.4
(39.9)
6.9
(44.4)
10.2
(50.4)
13.0
(55.4)
15.4
(59.7)
15.6
(60.1)
13.4
(56.1)
10.1
(50.2)
6.5
(43.7)
3.5
(38.3)
8.7
(47.7)
Record low °C (°F) −15.3
(4.5)
−18.9
(−2.0)
−6.5
(20.3)
−3.3
(26.1)
0.8
(33.4)
5.0
(41.0)
8.3
(46.9)
8.9
(48.0)
3.9
(39.0)
−1.9
(28.6)
−7.5
(18.5)
−13.5
(7.7)
−18.9
(−2.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.9
(2.32)
52.8
(2.08)
44.6
(1.76)
35.0
(1.38)
49.4
(1.94)
62.0
(2.44)
72.4
(2.85)
81.8
(3.22)
73.6
(2.90)
73.8
(2.91)
78.9
(3.11)
75.7
(2.98)
758.9
(29.88)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12 9 11 9 10 10 9 10 11 12 13 13 128
Average snowy days 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 18
Average relative humidity (%) 86.9 85.1 82.1 77.1 76.8 77.4 77.4 77.5 79.6 83.3 86.9 87.4 81.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 76.3 99.0 155.5 207.5 233.8 230.1 232.1 217.0 170.8 127.0 77.4 62.5 1,889
Percent possible sunshine 29.1 35.0 42.2 49.7 48.4 46.4 46.5 47.9 44.9 38.2 28.8 25.4 40.2
Source 1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1991–2020 normals, precipitation days normals for 1981–2010, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[11][12]
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[13]
Climate data for Vlissingen
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C 6.6
5.8
6.9
9.5
13.2
16.6
19.0
20.0
18.4
15.3
11.4
8.0
12.6
Mean daily daylight hours 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 12.4
Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 3.5
Source: Weather Atlas[14]

    Notable people

    Petrus Cunaeus, ca.1630

    The Arts

    Science

    Martin Kalbfleisch, 1893

    Admirals

    Michiel de Ruyter, 1667

    Other maritime travellers

    Nicholas van Horn, printed 1888
    Els Vader, 1980

    Sport

    Transport

    St. Jacobskerk
    • Vlissingen is the setting for part of Arthur Ransome's children's adventure novel We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea.
    • Vlissingen is also the setting for most of the film The Fourth Man.
    • Vlissingen is also the hometown of Mynheer Claessens and his daughter Johanna, the heroine of Rafael Sabatini's 1929 novel "The Romantic Prince". The Hero, Count Anthony and Master Danvelt, having landed by ferry from Breskens, enter the massive fortifications by the Scheldt Gate and ride the short distance to the Claessen's handsome house by the Groote.[19]
    • The Forgotten Battle, a Netflix movie.

    References

    1. "Burgemeester Letty Demmers-van der Geest" [Mayor Letty Demmers-van der Geest] (in Dutch). Gemeente Vlissingen. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
    2. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
    3. "Postcodetool for 4382MA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
    4. "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    5. Peters, C. H. J. "FLUSHING THROUGHOUT THE AGES: Short History" (PDF). www.vlissingen.nl. De Gemeente Vlissingen. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
    6. Garrett Mattingly (1959), The Armada, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Ch. V, "Plans of Operations", p. 44.
    7. www.zeegat.nl/
    8. Sir William Temple, Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands, ed. Sir George Clark (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1672), pp. 40, 48 & 116
    9. Russell Shorto, The Island at the Centre of the World (Black Swan, 2004) pp. 338-9
    10. Climate Summary for Vlissingen, Netherlands
    11. "Klimaatviewer 1991-2020". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
    12. "Klimaattabel Vlissingen, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
    13. "Weerstatistieken Vlissingen". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
    14. "Vlissingen, Netherlands – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
    15. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Volume III, Bekker, Elizabeth retrieved 30 July 2019
    16. IMDb Database retrieved 30 July 2019
    17. "Kalbfleisch, Martin" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. Vol. III. 1900. p. 491.
    18. "Horn, Van de" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. Vol. III. 1900. p. 263.
    19. p49 of the House of Stratus edition, ch4. The Romantic Prince, Rafael Sabatini, 2001
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