Florence Griffith Joyner

Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner[4] (born Florence Delorez Griffith;[2] December 21, 1959 – September 21, 1998), also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete and the fastest woman ever recorded. She set world records in 1988 for the 100 m and 200 m. During the late 1980s, she became a popular figure due to both her record-setting athleticism and eclectic personal style.

Florence Griffith Joyner
Griffith Joyner in 1988
Co-chair of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
In office
1993–1998
Serving with Tom McMillen[1]
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byArnold Schwarzenegger (as chairman)
Succeeded byLee Haney (as chair)
Personal details
Born
Florence Delorez Griffith[2]

(1959-12-21)December 21, 1959[3]
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[3]
DiedSeptember 21, 1998(1998-09-21) (aged 38)[3]
Mission Viejo, California, U.S.[3]
Resting placeEl Toro Memorial Park, Lake Forest, California, U.S.
Sports career
Nickname(s)Flo-Jo[3]
National teamUnited States
Height5 ft 7 in (170 cm)[3]
Weight126 lb (57 kg)[3]
Event(s)100 meters, 200 meters
ClubTiger World Class Athletic Club
West Coast Athletic Club
Retired1988
Sports achievements and titles
Personal best(s)100m: 10.49 w WR[note 1]
200m: 21.34 WR
400m: 50.89
4 × 100m: 41.55
4 × 400m: 3:15.51 AR
Medal record
Representing the  United States
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place1988 Seoul 100 m
Gold medal – first place1988 Seoul 200 m
Gold medal – first place1988 Seoul 4×100 m
Silver medal – second place1984 Los Angeles 200 m
Silver medal – second place1988 Seoul 4×400 m
World Championships
Gold medal – first place1987 Rome4×100 m
Silver medal – second place1987 Rome200 m

Griffith Joyner was born and raised in California. She was athletic from a young age and began running at track meets as a child. While attending California State University, Northridge (CSUN), and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), she continued to compete in track and field. While still in college, she qualified for the 100 m 1980 Olympics but did not compete due to the U.S. boycott. She made her Olympic debut four years later, winning a silver medal in the 200 meter distance at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. At the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, Griffith set a new world record in the 100 meter sprint. She went on to win three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics.

In February 1989, Griffith Joyner abruptly retired from athletics. She remained a pop culture figure through endorsement deals, acting, and designing. She died in her sleep during an epileptic seizure caused by a birth defect, in 1998 at the age of 38. Griffith Joyner is buried at the El Toro Memorial Park in Lake Forest.

Early life

Griffith was born in Los Angeles, California, the seventh of eleven children born to Robert, an electrician, and Florence Griffith, a seamstress.[2][5] The family lived in Littlerock, California, before Florence Griffith moved with her children to the Jordan Downs public housing complex located in the Watts section of Los Angeles.[6][7]

When Griffith was in elementary school, she joined the Sugar Ray Robinson Organization, running in track meets on weekends.[7] She won the Jesse Owens National Youth Games two years in a row, at the ages of 14 and 15.[8] Griffith ran track at Jordan High School in Los Angeles.[7]

Showing an early interest in fashion, Griffith persuaded the members of the track team to wear tights with their uniforms.[8] As a high school senior in 1978, she finished sixth at the CIF California State Meet behind future teammates Alice Brown and Pam Marshall.[9] By the time she graduated from Jordan High School in 1978, she had set high-school records in sprinting and long jump.[10]

Career

Griffith attended the California State University at Northridge, and was on the track team coached by Bob Kersee.[11][12] This team, which included Brown and Jeanette Bolden,[12][13][14] won the national championship during Griffith's first year of college.[10] However, Griffith had to drop out to support her family, taking a job as a bank teller. Kersee found financial aid for her and she returned to college in 1980, this time at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) where Kersee was working as a coach.[7][12]

Brown, Bolden, and Griffith qualified for the 100-meter final at the trials for the 1980 Summer Olympics (with Brown winning and Griffith finishing last in the final). Griffith also ran the 200 meters, narrowly finishing fourth, a foot out of a qualifying position.[8] However, the U.S. Government had already decided to boycott those Olympic Games mooting those results.[15] In 1983, Griffith graduated from UCLA with her bachelor's degree in psychology.[10]

Olympic runner

Griffith finished fourth in the 200-meter sprint at the first World Championship in Athletics in 1983.[16] In the next year, she qualified for the Olympics in the 200-meter distance with the second fastest time at the United States Olympic Trials, held in Los Angeles.[17] Evelyn Ashford, another UCLA alumna and early favorite to medal,[18] dropped out of the 200-meter due to injury.[17] Griffith went on to win a silver medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[10]

After the 1984 Olympic Games, she spent less time running.[19] Griffith continued to run part-time,[19] winning the 100-meter IAAF Grand Prix Final with the time of 11.00 seconds.[20] She did not compete at the 1985 U.S. National Championship.[21] That same year, she returned to working at a bank and styled hair and nails in her spare time.[10] She married Al Joyner, the Olympic triple jump champion of 1984, in 1987.[22]

She returned to athletics in April 1987.[23] Four months later, at the 1987 World Championships in Rome, Griffith Joyner finished second in the 200-meter sprint.[24][23] Her success during the 1987 season resulted in being ranked second in Track and Field News' 1987 world rankings.[24] The 200 meters remained a stronger event for her than the 100 meters, where she was ranked seventh in the United States.[24]

Before the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, Griffith Joyner continued to work with her coach and husband's brother-in-law, Kersee, two days a week, but with her new husband coaching her three days a week.[25] She ran the 100 meter in 10.96-seconds at the 1987 Cologne Grand Prix Track and Field Meet, a personal best but the mark was not even in the top 40 of all time.[26][27] She continued to improve, again setting a personal best of 10.89 in the 100 meters in San Diego on June 25, 1988, but still remained shy of then American record holder Evelyn Ashford's three best times.[28] A week before the trials she ran a tune-up race in 10.99 in Santa Monica.[29]

In the first race of the quarterfinals of the U.S. Olympic Trials, she stunned her colleagues when she sprinted 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, a new world record by a margin of 0.27s over the previous record held by Evelyn Ashford.[8] Over the two-day trials, Griffith Joyner recorded the three fastest times for a woman at 100 meters: 10.49 in the quarter-final, 10.70 in the semifinal, and 10.61 in the final.[30][23] At the same Olympic trials, she also set an American record at the 200-meter distance with a time of 21.77 seconds.[31]

The 100-meter record was by far the largest improvement in the world record time since the advent of electronic timing, and still stands. This extraordinary result raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0 m/s - a reading at odds with the windy conditions on the day, with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the Griffith Joyner performance. All scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organisations have since found there was an illegal tailwind of between 5 m/s – 7 m/s at the time. The IAAF has not annulled the result, but since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed it as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record."[32]

Following the Olympic trials, in late July 1988, Griffith Joyner left coach Kersee saying she wanted a coach able to provide more personal attention. Another contributing factor was her unhappiness with the lack of sponsorship and endorsement opportunities.[33] In addition to being her coach, Kersee was Griffith Joyner's manager, as he required all the athletes he coached to use his management services too.[33] Griffith Joyner's decision to sign with personal manager Gordon Baskin therefore necessitated the coaching change.[33][34] She left UCLA for UC Irvine with her husband serving as full-time coach.[25]

By then known to the world as "Flo-Jo", Griffith Joyner was the big favorite for the titles in the sprint events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In the 100-meter final, she ran a 10.54, beating her nearest rival to the world record, Evelyn Ashford, by 0.30 seconds. In the 200 meter semifinal, she set the world record of 21.56 seconds and then broke this record by 0.22 seconds in winning the final with a time of 21.34 seconds.[35] Like her 100-meter world record, this mark still stands.

At the same Olympics, Griffith Joyner also ran with the 4 × 100 m relay and the 4 × 400 m relay teams. Her team won the 4 × 100 m relay and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay.[19] This was her first internationally rated 4 × 400 m relay. She left the games having won four Olympic medals, three gold and one silver.[36] At the time, her medal haul was the second most for female track and field athlete in history, behind only Fanny Blankers-Koen who won four gold medals in 1948.[36]

In February 1989, Griffith Joyner announced her retirement from racing.[34][37] She cited her new business opportunities outside of sprinting.[10][37][38] The month after announcing her retirement, she was selected as the winner of the James E. Sullivan Award of 1988 as the top amateur athlete in the United States.[39]

Comeback attempt and other activities

Griffith Joyner's success at the 1988 Olympics led to new opportunities.[34][38] In the weeks following the Olympics, she earned millions of dollars from endorsement deals, primarily in Japan. She also signed a deal with toy maker LJN Toys for a Barbie-like doll in her likeness.[34]

Among the things she did away from the track was to design the basketball uniforms for the Indiana Pacers NBA team in 1989.[10] She served as co-chair of President's Council on Physical Fitness.[19] She made a guest appearance as herself on a season 4 episode of 227, and appeared in the soap opera Santa Barbara in 1992, as "Terry Holloway", a photographer similar to Annie Leibovitz.[40][41]

In 1996, Griffith Joyner appeared on Charlie Rose and announced her comeback to competitive athletics, concentrating on the 400-meter run.[42] Her reason was that she had already set world marks in both the 100 m and 200 m events, with the 400 m world record being her goal. She trained steadily leading up to the U.S. Olympic trials in June. However, tendinitis in her right leg ended her hopes of becoming a triple-world-record holder.[43]

Style

Beyond her running prowess, Griffith Joyner was known for her bold fashion choices.[30][44] She appeared at the World Championships in 1987 in Rome wearing a hooded speed skating body suit.[44][22] In April 1988 she started wearing a running suit with the right leg of the suit extending to the ankle and the left leg of the suit cut off, a style she called the "one-legger".[30][44][22] The running suits also had bold colors such as lime green or purple with white bikini bottoms and embellished with lightning bolts.[30]

Her nails also garnered attention for their length and designs.[30][22] Her nails were four inches long with tiger stripes at the 1988 Olympic trials before switching to fuchsia.[30] For the Olympic games themselves, she had six inch nails painted red, white, blue, and gold.[22] Although many sprinters avoided accessories which might slow them down, Griffith Joyner kept her hair long and wore jewelry while competing.[44] She designed many of her outfits herself and preferred looks which were not conventional.[44]

Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use

Florence Griffith Joyner is rarely mentioned without an invisible asterisk next to her name when the women's 100 and 200 meters comes around in Olympic year. Current runners bemoan the unreachable bench mark she set. Double Olympic 200 meter gold medalist Veronica Campbell Brown got nowhere near it, saying it was beyond her reach. Former 200 meter Olympic champion Gwen Torrence said that she "did not acknowledge those records. ... To me they don't exist and women sprinters are suffering as a result of what she did to the times in the 100 and 200."

—James Montague, CNN, August 2012.[45]

After her record-shattering performances at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, Griffith Joyner became an object of suspicion when she arrived at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul.[45] Athletes, including Joaquim Cruz and Ben Johnson, expressed disbelief over Griffith Joyner's dramatic improvement over a short period of time.[46] Before the 1988 track and field season, her best time in the 100-meter sprint was 10.96 seconds (set in 1987). In 1988, she improved that time by 0.47 seconds.[47] In addition, Griffith Joyner's physique was noticeably more muscular in 1988 than it had been earlier in her career.[48][49][50]

Griffith Joyner's best time before 1988 at 200 meters was 21.96 seconds (also set in 1987). In 1988, she improved that by 0.62 seconds to 21.34 seconds, another time that has not been approached. Griffith Joyner attributed the change in her physique to new health programs.[51] Al Joyner replaced Bob Kersee as her coach, and he changed her training program to include more lower body strength training exercises such as squats and lunges.[52]

In a 1989 story for which he was purportedly paid $25,000,[53] Darrell Robinson, a former teammate of Griffith Joyner, claimed that he sold her 10 mL of growth hormone for $2,000 in 1988. He said Joyner told him: "if you want to make $1 million, you've got to invest some thousands."[51] Robinson claimed to have received steroids from coach Bob Kersee and said he saw Carl Lewis inject himself with drugs he believed to be testosterone.[53]

Robinson never provided any evidence for his allegations and was shunned by the athletics community, leading to the premature end of his career.[54] After the 1988 Olympics, Griffith Joyner retired from competitive track and field, a year before the introduction of mandatory random drug testing in 1989.[45][55] She was repeatedly tested during competition and passed every test.[56][57]

After her death in 1998, Prince Alexandre de Merode, chairman of the International Olympic Committee's medical commission, claimed that Griffith Joyner was singled out for extra, rigorous drug testing during the 1988 Olympic Games following rumors of steroid use. De Merode told The New York Times that Manfred Donike, who was at that time considered to be the foremost expert on drugs and sports, failed to discover any banned substances during that testing.[58] The World Anti-Doping Agency was created in the 1990s, removing control of drug testing from the IOC and De Merode. De Merode later stated: "We performed all possible and imaginable analyses on her. We never found anything. There should not be the slightest suspicion."[45]

Personal life and death

Griffith's nickname among family was "Dee Dee".[5][7] She was briefly engaged to hurdler Greg Foster.[5] In 1987, Griffith married 1984 Olympic triple jump champion Al Joyner, whom Griffith had first met at the 1980 Olympic Trials.[8][59] Through her marriage to Joyner she was sister-in-law to track and field athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee.[59] Griffith and Joyner had one daughter together, Mary Ruth Joyner, born November 15, 1990.[10][27]

Death

On September 21, 1998, Griffith Joyner died in her sleep at home in the Canyon Crest neighborhood of Mission Viejo, California, at the age of 38. The unexpected death was investigated by the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner's office, which announced on September 22 that the cause of death was suffocation during a severe epileptic seizure.[55]

Griffith Joyner was found to have had a cavernous hemangioma, a congenital vascular brain abnormality that made her subject to seizures.[60] According to a family attorney, she had suffered a tonic-clonic seizure in 1990 and had been treated for seizures in 1993 and 1994. According to the Sheriff-Coroner's office, the only drugs in her system when she died were small amounts of two common over-the-counter drugs, acetaminophen and the antihistamine Benadryl.[61]

Legacy

USA Track & Field inducted her into its Hall of Fame in 1995.[62] In 2000, the 102nd Street School in Los Angeles was renamed Florence Griffith Joyner Elementary School. Griffith Joyner had attended the school as a child.[6] The city of Mission Viejo dedicated a park at the entrance to her neighborhood in her honor.[63][64] Griffith Joyner was also an artist and painter. Her work has been on display as part the Art of The Olympians (AOTO). She is one of two posthumous members of AOTO, the other being the founder and Olympian, Al Oerter.[65] In Time's 2020 list of the most influential women of the past century, she was named Woman of the Year for 1988.[66]

Statistics

To date, her 1988 200 m world and Olympic record (21.34) as well as her 100 m world record (10.49) still stand, making her the only female athlete to hold simultaneous records. Her 100 m Olympic record (10.62) was improved in 2021 at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo by Elaine Thompson-Herah (10.61).

Olympic Games and trials results
Race Venue Date Round Time Wind WR
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.60w +3.2
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Quarter-final 10.49 0.0[note 1] WR
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Semi-final 10.70 +1.6
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Final 10.61 +1.2
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.88 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Quarter-final 10.62 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Semi-final 10.70w +2.6
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Final 10.54w +3.0
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Qualifying heat 21.96 +0.6
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Quarter-final 21.77 −0.1
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Semi-final 21.90w +2.4
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Final 21.85 +1.3
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Qualifying heat 22.51  ?
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Quarter-final 21.76 +0.7
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Semi-final 21.56 +1.7 WR
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Final 21.34 +1.3 WR
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Semi-Final (team time 42.12)
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final (team time 41.98)
400 m relay split ( 4 × 400 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final 48.08
(team time 3:15.51)

International competitions
YearCompetitionVenuePositionEventTimeNotes
1983 World Championships Finland Helsinki 4th 200 m 22.46 wind +1.5

Season's bests
Year 100 meters 200 meters 400 meters
198211.1222.39—
198311.0622.2350.94
198410.9922.04—
198511.0022.5050.89
198611.4223.51—
198710.9621.96—
198810.4921.3452.50

See also

Notes
  1. It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Griffith Joyner set this record.[68] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.[68]

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