Forfeit (sport)

Both teams must have at least seven players at the beginning of the match per the Laws of the Game. When a team has fewer than seven players, the match cannot start or continue.[1] When the number of players in a team falls definitely below seven (e.g. by five players sent off with red cards, or by injured players with no substitutions left, or a combination of both), the match is forfeited. Forfeits are also used as ex post disciplinary sanctions by governing bodies.

A forfeited match is handled differently in various competitions; FIFA Disciplinary Code punishes the team sanctioned with a forfeit with a 3–0 loss (however, the result on the pitch is upheld if the goal difference at the end of the match was three or greater so as to ensure the non-forfeiting team is not unfairly disadvantaged in any potential tiebreakers involving goal difference and/or goals scored).[2]

Forfeited games also could be identified with what is known as a "technical score" like +/-, +:-, where a plus sign (+) signifies a win and a minus sign (-) stands for a loss. Traditionally, technical score is implied as 3:0 score, but earlier in history it also used to be understood as 2:0 score. Beside forfeiture, technical score could be applied for disciplinary sanctions on various of administrative matter such as violence on the field, use of ineligible players, or other reasons. Because it is a "cabinet" score, unless specified in season's (league's) regulations or official executive decision of governing sports organization, the technical score does not necessarily have to carry any numerical value.

In rare cases, baseball games are forfeited, usually in the event when a team is no longer able to play.

In the basketball rules published by FIBA, a forfeit and a default are two different things.

A team will forfeit if:

• Fifteen minutes after the scheduled starting time, the team is not present or is unable to field five players ready to play.
• Its actions prevent the game from being played.
• It refuses to play after being instructed to do so by the referee.

A forfeit results in loss for the offending team by a score of 20−0, and in tournaments that use the FIBA points system for standings, zero points for the match. Furthermore, in FIBA tournaments that use a two-game home-and-away series (two-legged tie) or a best-of-three playoff format, a team that forfeits a game also loses the series by forfeit.

In FIBA tournaments, a team will default if, at any time during a game, they have fewer than two players ready to play (by reason of players being injured with no subs left, fouling out, or being ejected). In this case, the opponents are awarded with a win, and if they are leading, the score at the time of stoppage will be the final score; if they are not leading, they are awarded a 2−0 win. Furthermore, in FIBA tournaments that use a two-game home-and-away series, a team that defaults in either game automatically loses the series by default.

In tournaments and leagues that use winning percentage or number of wins to rank teams, the difference between a loss by forfeit and a loss by default is insignificant, as both are treated as ordinary losses. However, for those that use the FIBA points system, a default is treated like an ordinary loss (as the team earns one point) while a team that forfeited earns zero points.

It is also detrimental in tiebreaking situations as a defaulting team's worst result is the actual score if they were trailing when the game was stopped, or a 2–0 loss if they were leading, while a forfeit is deemed to be a 0–20 loss, which drags down a team's goal average worse than a 0–2 loss would.

As well as checkmate, chess games can be resigned or lost on time, but the term "forfeit" generally has a narrower meaning in the game.

A forfeit occurs when a player does not appear at the match, and is generally a rare occurrence. A notable instance of forfeiture happened in the second game of the 1972 World Chess Championship. Bobby Fischer, due to disputes over the organisation of the match, refused to show, and the game was recorded as a win for his opponent Boris Spassky.[6]

Anatoly Karpov won the 1975 World Championship on forfeit after Bobby Fischer refused to play.

Additionally, a player caught cheating will lose by forfeit.[7]

In the sport of cricket a forfeiture occurs when a captain chooses to forfeit one of his side's innings. If a team forfeits the entire match, then the umpires will award the match to the other team.

In the Gaelic games of hurling, Gaelic football, camogie and ladies' Gaelic football, a forfeit is called a walkover (Irish: bua gan choimhlint). The team that concedes a game in a competition may receive punishment(s) such as a fine,[8][9] deduction of league points, automatic relegation[10] or elimination from a competition.

The most famous walkover in GAA history came in the 1910 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. Louth were awarded the championship as Kerry refused to travel to Dublin for the final because the Great Southern and Western Railway would not grant fans, players and officials discounted fares for the trip.[11][12]

In American football, a team must begin with at least seven players (the number legally required to man a line of scrimmage) ready to play; a forfeiture occurs if a team does not have that many. It can also occur when the number of able players drops to below seven at any point during the game, as a result of an unfair act, or punitive retroactive sanctions against a team from a governing body such as the NCAA.

In the event the team forfeiting the game is already losing at the time of the forfeit, the score at the time stands as is. Otherwise, forfeits result in a 2–0 score in the National Football League or a 1–0 score in high school football, NCAA and Canadian football.

In the case of high school and the NCAA, the forfeit is one of only two ways for a team to finish with a score of only one point (the other theoretical possibility is if a team's only score comes from a defensive safety, i.e. a botched conversion attempt that results in its opponent getting backed all the way back into its own end zone).

The National Football League rulebook has a provision for forfeiture but has never used it (there was at least one alleged "forfeit" in the 1921, but because league schedules were so fluid in the 1920s and it was never clear who was at fault for the game not being played, the league now considers it a cancellation, which was very common at the time). Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle noted that he had never used the league's forfeit provisions and would never change the result of a game after the fact, a stance that prevented the result of the Snowplow Game, a game that had been decided on an alleged but unpunished unfair act, from being forfeited. It was briefly discussed after a botched call in the 2018 NFC Championship Game, but interfering with the results of a game after it has finished would cause logistical chaos and massive expense in having to reschedule games, especially in the playoffs.

The NFL threatened forfeiture during the 2020 season if coronavirus-related protocols were not adhered to.[13] No games were forfeited in 2020, but NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell warned teams on July 22, 2021 in a memo that if games had been cancelled during the season due to COVID-19 outbreaks among unvaccinated players, the team responsible for the outbreak would forfeit and would cover financial losses, because teams do not get paid for games not played. NFL policy states that the winning team is not paid its weekly salary if its opponent forfeits the game.[14]

The Canadian Football League's early history with respect to forfeiture is more complicated because the professional Canadian game only gradually diverged from university and other amateur competitions, a process which culminated in the founding of the CFL in 1958. Forfeits were somewhat common up until the early years of the modern CFL for a number of reasons. Sometimes, a team would refuse to travel to play a game because its cut of the gate (the primary source of revenue in those days) would not cover the expenses of the journey. Playoff implications of the game were another factor - unlike in the U.S., conference playoffs in Canadian football were two game playoffs or even best of three series, so teams sometimes preferred a loss at the end of the season, especially if it would not affect their playoff fortunes, in order to gain extra rest for a grueling playoff run. Finally, as the Eastern and Western Conferences gradually turned fully professional teams sometimes forfeited games after fielding ineligible players. The "ineligible" players were typically Americans playing in violation of strict rules limiting their use in Canadian football.

For the 2021 season the CFL (which did not play in 2020 due to the pandemic) has announced it will employ similar protocols to the NFL with regards to potential COVID-19 disruptions. However, the CFL has explicitly specified that a double forfeit will be enforced if and when a game cannot be played because both teams cannot play due to COVID-19 violations, and also that players on teams in compliance will be paid for any games they may win by forfeit.

The Arena Football League has had one forfeit in its history, which came in 2012 as a result of a player's strike. In another case in 2015, two teams ceased operations prior to the end of the season. Because they were both slated to play each other, the game was recorded as a scoreless tie.

A related concept is to vacate results, in which a team's wins are stricken from the record. NCAA bylaws allow wins to be vacated as a form of punishment, although the NFL does not. Note that a loss is not put in place of a vacated win, and a win is not retroactively awarded to the losing team if vacated by the winning team. Once a team loses a game, even if the winning team's victory is later vacated, it is still considered a loss.

In handball a game which results in a forfeit loss is counted 0–10 unless the goal difference of the game was bigger than the game result.[15]

In cases where a poker game is arranged but an opponent drops out or folds (a fold is when a player gives up for multiple reasons), that person forfeits and remaining players win at that player's expense.

• Walkover