Fort Carroll

Fort Carroll is a 3.4-acre (1.4 ha) artificial island and abandoned hexagonal sea fort in the middle of the Patapsco River, just south of Baltimore, Maryland. It is named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737–1832), a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

For the Civil War defense facility of Washington, DC, see Samuel S. Carroll.
Fort Carroll
Fort Carroll, next to the Key Bridge in Baltimore, Maryland
Fort Carroll is located in Maryland
Fort Carroll
Fort Carroll is located in the United States
Fort Carroll
LocationSoller's Flats, in the Patapsco River, near Curtis Bay, Maryland
Coordinates39°12′53″N 76°31′09″W
Area3.4 acres (1.4 ha)
NRHP reference No.14000955[1]
Added to NRHPApril 14, 2015

Design and construction

In 1847, the State of Maryland gave permission to the United States War Department to construct a fort in the shallow water of Soller's Point Flats to protect the city of Baltimore. Fort Carroll was important for the defense of Baltimore—before the fort's construction, Fort McHenry just outside the city was the only military defensive structure between Baltimore and the Chesapeake Bay. The fort was part of the "Permanent System" or Third System construction program, which aimed to defend America's most important ports.[2]

Then Brevet-Colonel Robert E. Lee designed the hexagonal structure and supervised the construction, which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers commenced in 1848. The fort received its name on 8 October 1850. In 1852, Lee left Baltimore to become Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point.

In 1853 a lighthouse, now abandoned, was built on the ramparts to aid navigation into Baltimore Harbor. In 1898 a new lighthouse was built, the one still seen today. It was automated in 1920 and discontinued operations before 1945.

The original design foresaw the fort being armed with some 225 cannon on three levels. However, in April 1861 at the outbreak of the Civil War, Fort Carroll's walls were still less than half the planned height of thirty feet. Only five gun platforms were ready and only two were armed with guns. Still, the Army emplaced about thirty cannon and occupied the fort throughout the war. In April 1864 torrential rains flooded the fort's magazines, which led the Army to move all the powder and ammunition to Fort McHenry.

An updated topographical blueprint of the fort, based on documents from 1914

Spanish–American War

When the United States entered into the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Army again defended the fort, although the batteries by then were completely obsolete. The Army therefore commenced the construction of modern concrete gun emplacements following the designs of the Endicott Board. The Army created three batteries: Battery Towson[Note 1] (two 12" barbette carriage guns), Battery Heart[Note 2] (two 5-inch M1897 guns on balanced pillar mounts) and Battery Augustin[Note 3] (two 3" balanced pedestal-mount guns).

Fort Carroll from Fort Armistead

The new batteries were ready by September 1900, well after the end of the war. They received their names on 30 March 1903.

World War I and abandonment

After World War I broke out, in 1917 the Army removed the guns from Battery Heart and in 1918 those from Battery Towson to use elsewhere. By 1920, all guns had been removed from the fort.

In March 1921 the Army officially abandoned Fort Carroll and moved whatever military equipment was left to nearby Fort Howard. The War Department declared the island excess property in 1923, but took no immediate steps to sell the land. A variety of proposals for the use of the island were advanced, including a prison, as well as a 1923 plan advanced by Baltimore mayor William Broening to place an electric "Welcome to Baltimore" sign on the island, accompanied by a statue of Lord Baltimore.[3]

In World War II the Army used the fort as a firing range. It also served as a checkpoint for vessels.

In May 1958, Baltimore attorney Benjamin Eisenberg purchased the island for US$10,000 (equivalent to $101,430 in 2022), intending to put a casino there, but development plans never materialized.[3] The fort is now deserted and the habitat for various animals. It is also a site for occasional urban explorations. In 2013, Preservation Maryland placed Fort Carroll on its list of threatened historic properties.[4] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.[1]

References
  1. "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 4/13/15 through 4/17/15. National Park Service. 2015-04-24.
  2. Fort Carroll, Baltimore County, at Maryland Historical Trust
  3. Anft, Michael (October 25, 2000). "Re-Fortification? Local Builder Sets Sights on Fort Carroll". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  4. "2013 Endangered Maryland List Released" (PDF). Preservation Maryland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.

Notes
  1. The battery was named in honor of Major General Nathan Towson, U.S. Army. He had served in the War of 1812 and the Mexican War and died July 20, 1854 at Washington, District of Columbia.
  2. The battery was named in honor of Major Jonathan Heart, 2nd U.S. Infantry, who served during the Revolutionary War. He died on 4 November 1791 in action with Indians near Fort Recovery, Ohio.
  3. Battery Augustin was named in honor of 2nd Lieutenant Joseph N. Augustin, Jr., 24th U.S. Infantry, who died 2 July 1898 of wounds he had received the day before at the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Further reading
  • Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.
  • Weaver II, John R. (2018). A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. ISBN 978-1-7323916-1-1.
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