Fort Smith, Northwest Territories

Fort Smith (Chipewyan: Thebacha "beside the rapids") is a town in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. It is located in the southeastern portion of the Northwest Territories, on the Slave River and adjacent to the Alberta border along the 60th parallel north.

Fort Smith
Thebacha
Town
Motto: 
Perseverance
Fort Smith is located in Northwest Territories
Fort Smith
Fort Smith
Fort Smith is located in Canada
Fort Smith
Fort Smith
Coordinates: 60°00′19″N 111°52′58″W[1]
CountryCanada
TerritoryNorthwest Territories
RegionSouth Slave Region
ConstituencyThebacha
Census divisionRegion 5
Town1 October 1966[3]
Government
 • MayorFred Daniels
 • Senior administrative officerCynthia White
 • MLAFrieda Martselos
Area
[4][5]
 • Land24.6 km2 (9.5 sq mi)
 • Population Centre2.04 km2 (0.79 sq mi)
Elevation
205 m (673 ft)
Population
 (2021)[4][5]
 • Total2,248
 • Density91.21/km2 (236.2/sq mi)
 • Population Centre
1,749
 • Population Centre density855.8/km2 (2,217/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
Postal code
X0E 0P0
Area code867
Telephone Exchange872 621 870
GNBC CodeLAILN
- Living cost (2018)132.5A
- Food price index (2019)118.8B
ClimateDfc
NTS Map75D4 Fort Smith
Websitefortsmith.ca
Sources:
Department of Municipal and Community Affairs,[6]
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,[7]
Canada Flight Supplement[8]
^A 2018 figure based on Edmonton = 100[9]
^B 2019 figure based on Yellowknife = 100[9]

History
John Franklin's 1819–1820 expedition map showing Slave River, Salt River and portages

Fort Smith was founded around the Slave River. It served a vital link for water transportation between southern Canada and the western Arctic. Early fur traders found a portage route, long established by indigenous peoples, from what is now Fort Fitzgerald on the western bank of the Slave River to Fort Smith. This route allowed its users to bypass the four sets of impassable rapids (Cassette Rapids, Pelican Rapids, Mountain Rapids, and Rapids of the Drowned). The portage trail had been traditionally used for centuries by generations of local Indigenous peoples.[10]

The make up of the Indigenous population of the region shifted as the fortunes of the tribes changed. By 1870, the Slavey had moved north and the Cree had occupied the Slave River Valley. The Chipewyan had also begun moving into the area.

Peter Pond of the North West Company was the first white trader recorded to have traveled on the Slave River and made contact with Indigenous peoples in this region. In the 1780s he established a post on Lake Athabasca called Fort Chipewyan, at the head of the Slave River.

Portage on the Slave River circa 1900
Boats landing at Mountain Portage on the Slave River circa 1900

Dominated by the activities of the Hudson's Bay Company, the fur trade penetrated more deeply into the Mackenzie River district in the 19th century. York boats were used to run the Slave River rapids and, where needed, small portages were established to bypass the most dangerous areas. Nonetheless, serious mishaps were bound to happen. This section of the Slave River became known as 'The Rapids of the Drowned'.

In 1872, the Hudson's Bay Company built an outpost called Smith's Landing (Fort Fitzgerald) at the most southern set of the Slave River rapids. In 1874, another outpost was constructed at the most northern set of rapids. It was called Fort Smith. Both posts were named in honour of Donald Alexander Smith, who in August 1897, was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as The 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal.

In 1876, the Roman Catholic Mission was moved from Salt River to Fort Smith while the community was prospering.[10]

In 1886, the Hudson's Bay Company launched the steam-propelled vessel SS Wrigley to run from Fort Smith to the Mackenzie River. The steamer SS Grahame ran the Slave River from Fort McMurray to the head of the rapids at Smith's Landing beginning in 1882.[11] In 1898, the Yukon Gold Rush brought many gold seekers over the portages and through Fort Smith. In 1908, a new HBC steamer paddlewheeler, SS Mackenzie River, was launched to operate on the Slave and Mackenzie rivers below Fort Smith (see boats of the Mackenzie River watershed).

In 1911, government was established in Fort Smith when Ottawa sent an Indian agent and a regional medical doctor, and the Royal Northwest Mounted Police opened a detachment. With these developments, Fort Smith became not only the transportation centre for the western Arctic but the administrative centre as well.

The mission sawmill produced lumber for the first hospital, St. Anne's, built in 1914 for the Grey Nuns. The sawmill also supplied the lumber for the first school, built in 1915. The Roman Catholic Mission also operated St. Bruno's Farm, which supplied produce, meat, and dairy products. Until it was closed in the 1920s, the farm supplied all the church's missions in the western Arctic. Its workers maintained a herd of more than 140 cattle.[10]

Horse-drawn freight services were complemented by tractors in 1919, when the Alberta & Arctic Transportation Company, a subsidiary of Lamson & Hubbard Trading Company, commissioned two 75-horsepower (56 kW) tractors on the Slave River portage to haul commercial freight from one side of the rapids to the other.

With the discovery of oil at Norman Wells in 1920, a federal government administration building was constructed to house the new Northwest Territories branch and the first court of justice in the Mackenzie District. The Union Bank of Canada, making use of a tent, opened the first bank in the Northwest Territories in Fort Smith in June 1921.[12][13]

Northern Trading Co. at Fort Smith
HBC transport loaded with fur, Fort Smith circa 1900

In 1920 the Lamson & Hubbard Trading Company launched Distributor to service its trading posts along the Mackenzie River. This group was taken over by the HBC in 1924. By the 1930s, a significant part of the Fort Smith economy was centred around ship and barge building. The HBC and Northern Transportation Company Limited (NTCL) established shipyards below Fort Smith.

Wood Buffalo National Park was established in 1922; its operations and administration headquarters were in Fort Smith.

In 1924, Fort Smith received the first of the Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio System installed by the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. In 1928, Fort Smith Airport was built.

The discovery of gold in Yellowknife in 1938 was a catalyst for an economic boost to Fort Smith, as many prospectors came passing through and bought supplies at the post. In the same year, an Anglican Mission house was built; a church was built in 1939.

In 1942–1943, Fort Smith played a small part in the war effort when huge armies raged across the globe in the Second World War. With a population of 250, Fort Smith hosted 2,000 United States Army soldiers who were en route to the Canol Oil Pipeline Project at Norman Wells and the Canol Road. They brought hundreds of barge loads of supplies; and in order to move these, they built a tractor road from Fort Smith to Hay River and even farther north.

The continued gold fever that fuelled Yellowknife's growth also stimulated the five-fold growth of Fort Smith's population in the decade following 1945. Government administrative facilities were increased to keep up with population needs and the village developed as a transportation hub for the Mackenzie District.

Fort Smith was incorporated as a village in 1964; two years later, with a population of 2,130, the village became a town on October 1, 1966. The all-weather road to Hay River was officially completed in 1966, permanently linking Fort Smith to the south.

The completion of a southern rail link to Hay River in 1964 meant that Fort Smith's role as the transportation hub was largely negated. Shipping operations on the Slave River ceased in 1968.

When Yellowknife was designated as the territorial capital in 1967, Fort Smith was kept as the administrative centre of the government of the Northwest Territories' vast region. See history of Northwest Territories capital cities.

On Friday August 9, 1968, disaster struck Fort Smith when a landslide some 1,010 by 300 m (3,300 by 990 ft) broke away from the riverbank; it caused property damage and killed one person. The riverbank area has since been sloped to stabilize it. Reshaped as a gentle hillside, it is known as Riverbank Park, and features groomed trails, picnic areas, and a viewing platform to oversee the Rapids of the Drowned.[14]

In 1970, the Adult Vocational Training Centre was opened. Its operations were later expanded and in 1981 it became Thebacha College. A few years later, Arctic College was created by the government of the Northwest Territories. The Thebacha Campus was home to government headquarters offices. In 1995, the college changed its name to Aurora College in order to allow Nunavut the use of the Arctic College name for their tribal college.[15]

Today, Fort Smith's economy is based on the federal, territorial, and aboriginal governments, along with education and tourism. In 2008, interest began to develop to re-establish a portage route to supply the Fort McMurray oilsands operations by river.

Geography

The town is approximately 300 km (190 mi) southeast of Yellowknife, the territorial capital. The park headquarters for Wood Buffalo National Park is located in Fort Smith. The headquarters and Thebacha Campus of Aurora College is located in Fort Smith; it is the largest of the three campus locations in the Northwest Territories. Fort Smith is located in the South Slave Region (administrative) and Region 5, Northwest Territories (census division). The town was previously in the Fort Smith Region census division.

Fort Smith is accessible all year long via the Fort Smith Highway. A winter road operates for several months to connect Fort Smith to Fort Chipewyan and from there to Fort McMurray. An all-weather road named Pine Lake Road links Fitzgerald.[16]

Climate

Fort Smith has a dry continental subarctic climate (Koppen: Dfc) with very long winters combined with warm but relatively short summers.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Fort Smith was 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) on June 30, 2021.[17] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −57.2 °C (−71.0 °F) on December 26, 1917.[18] These are both the hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded in the Northwest Territories.[19]

Climate data for Fort Smith (Fort Smith Airport)
WMO ID: 71934; coordinates 60°01′13″N 111°57′43″W; elevation: 205.1 m (673 ft); 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1913−present[lower-alpha 1]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 8.4 11.6 13.9 29.6 32.7 40.6 41.7 38.5 31.3 25.9 12.1 8.9 41.7
Record high °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)		 12.2
(54.0)		 15.0
(59.0)		 30.0
(86.0)		 31.8
(89.2)		 39.9
(103.8)		 39.4
(102.9)		 35.3
(95.5)		 31.7
(89.1)		 26.7
(80.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 9.4
(48.9)		 39.9
(103.8)
Average high °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0)		 −13.5
(7.7)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 6.0
(42.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 23.3
(73.9)		 20.8
(69.4)		 13.6
(56.5)		 4.2
(39.6)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −15.0
(5.0)		 3.7
(38.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −22.4
(−8.3)		 −19.1
(−2.4)		 −11.8
(10.8)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 7.8
(46.0)		 14.4
(57.9)		 17.0
(62.6)		 14.7
(58.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −11.4
(11.5)		 −19.3
(−2.7)		 −1.8
(28.8)
Average low °C (°F) −27.0
(−16.6)		 −24.7
(−12.5)		 −18.5
(−1.3)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 1.3
(34.3)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 8.6
(47.5)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 −23.5
(−10.3)		 −7.3
(18.9)
Record low °C (°F) −53.3
(−63.9)		 −55.0
(−67.0)		 −48.3
(−54.9)		 −40.6
(−41.1)		 −23.0
(−9.4)		 −7.2
(19.0)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 −15.0
(5.0)		 −31.1
(−24.0)		 −42.8
(−45.0)		 −57.2
(−71.0)		 −57.2
(−71.0)
Record low wind chill −60.4 −58.4 −55.7 −50.4 −26.2 −8.0 0.0 −4.7 −17.8 −35.3 −48.8 −59.6 −60.4
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.5
(0.65)		 12.2
(0.48)		 13.2
(0.52)		 12.7
(0.50)		 27.8
(1.09)		 48.8
(1.92)		 54.5
(2.15)		 54.5
(2.15)		 42.4
(1.67)		 32.4
(1.28)		 22.3
(0.88)		 16.6
(0.65)		 353.6
(13.92)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.1
(0.00)		 0.1
(0.00)		 0.3
(0.01)		 6.2
(0.24)		 22.6
(0.89)		 48.7
(1.92)		 54.5
(2.15)		 54.3
(2.14)		 41.6
(1.64)		 14.0
(0.55)		 1.5
(0.06)		 0.3
(0.01)		 244.3
(9.62)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.0
(9.4)		 18.7
(7.4)		 17.5
(6.9)		 7.8
(3.1)		 5.7
(2.2)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.2
(0.1)		 1.0
(0.4)		 21.5
(8.5)		 30.1
(11.9)		 23.8
(9.4)		 150.2
(59.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 10.8 8.6 7.9 5.8 8.5 10.9 11.8 12.6 12.1 13.7 13.5 11.6 127.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.2 0.2 0.4 2.8 7.4 10.9 11.8 12.6 11.7 7.5 1.2 0.3 66.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.3 10.1 8.6 3.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 8.4 14.7 13.3 73.9
Average relative humidity (%) 79.8 77.6 67.1 51.4 42.3 43.8 48.2 52.8 58.0 71.4 83.8 82.0 63.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 57.1 113.7 176.7 243.0 285.9 299.1 301.0 261.7 132.0 87.3 43.5 28.3 2,029.3
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (sun 1951–1980)[20][21][22][23]

Demographics
Federal census population history of Fort Smith
YearPop.±%
1941531—    
1951442−16.8%
19561,164+163.3%
19611,681+44.4%
19662,120+26.1%
19712,364+11.5%
19762,288−3.2%
19812,298+0.4%
19862,460+7.0%
19912,480+0.8%
19962,441−1.6%
20012,185−10.5%
20062,364+8.2%
20112,496+5.6%
20162,542+1.8%
20212,248−11.6%
Source: Statistics Canada
[4][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Smith had a population of 2,248 living in 881 of its 1,009 total private dwellings, a change of -11.6% from its 2016 population of 2,542. With a land area of 91.21 km2 (35.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 24.6/km2 (63.8/sq mi) in 2021.[4]

According to the 2016 census, the majority of people in Fort Smith (1,645) were Indigenous of which 920 were First Nations, 585 were Métis and 135 Inuit. The main languages are English, Chipewyan (Dene), Cree, Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ), Slavey-Hare, Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) and Inuktitut.[35]

Annual population estimates
YearPop.±%
19962,560—    
19972,548−0.5%
19982,428−4.7%
19992,452+1.0%
20002,430−0.9%
20012,328−4.2%
20022,369+1.8%
20032,438+2.9%
20042,487+2.0%
20052,444−1.7%
20062,461+0.7%
20072,506+1.8%
YearPop.±%
20082,463−1.7%
20092,498+1.4%
20102,473−1.0%
20112,575+4.1%
20122,573−0.1%
20132,580+0.3%
20142,555−1.0%
20152,516−1.5%
20162,581+2.6%
20172,562−0.7%
20182,690+5.0%
20192,639−1.9%
Sources: NWT Bureau of Statistics (2008 - 2019),[9] NWT Bureau of Statistics (2001 - 2017)[36]

Government
Fort Smith federal election results[37]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 31% 183 11% 68 43% 258 4% 24
2019 36% 264 19% 139 40% 293 5% 37

Local government consists of the Town of Fort Smith Council with 9 members (7 councillors, deputy mayor and mayor). The mayor works part-time and council is elected every three years.[38] As of 2021 the current mayor of Fort Smith is Fred Daniels.[6]

Fort Smith is represented by the Salt River First Nation #195[39] and are part of the Akaitcho Territory Government.[40][41] As of June 2012, the Salt River First Nation had given the Akaitcho Territory Government the mandatory six months notice that they would be separating from the organization.[42]

The Fort Smith Métis Council is the local representation for members of the Northwest Territory Métis Nation. In 1996, a framework agreement was signed with the government of the Northwest Territories and the government of Canada to commence negotiations on land, resources and self-government.[43]

Attractions
Pelicans on the Rapids of the Drowned

Fort Smith is the home of the Northern Life Museum and home of the museum ship Radium King.[44]

Every year the South Slave Friendship Festival, a music and arts festival, occurs in Fort Smith, usually in August. Musicians and artists from across the Northwest Territories and many other faraway places come to interact with other artists and show off their talents to the public.[44]

Many tourists come to see the world-class Slave River and many kayakers try its rapids.[44]

Fort Smith Mission Park is a popular tourist attraction featuring historic buildings and a grotto from the Oblate Catholic Mission.[44]

In the summer months, pelicans can be seen nesting on the various rapids near Fort Smith. Whooping cranes, an endangered species, also nest in the area during the summer and can be viewed via air charters as ground access is prohibited.[44]

Education

There are a number of educational facilities in Fort Smith including Joseph Burr Tyrrell Elementary School, Paul William Kaeser High School[45] and the Thebacha Campus of Aurora College.[15] Additionally, the main office of the South Slave Divisional Education Council is located in the town.[45]

Notable residents

Fort Smith is the birthplace of Mark Carney, former governor of both the Bank of England and the Bank of Canada.[46]

See also

References
  1. "Fort Smith". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  2. "Fort Smith". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  3. "Town of Fort Smith News (Volume 22)" (PDF) (PDF). Town of Fort Smith. September 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  4. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Northwest Territories". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  5. "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Data table Fort Smith Northwest Territories [Population centre]". Statistics Canada. March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  6. "NWT Communities - Fort Smith". Government of the Northwest Territories: Department of Municipal and Community Affairs. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  7. "Northwest Territories Official Community Names and Pronunciation Guide". Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. Yellowknife: Education, Culture and Employment, Government of the Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  8. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
  9. "Fort Smith - Statistical Profile (2008-2019)" (PDF). NWT Bureau of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2018.
  10. Fort Smith (N.W.T.). Tourism Committee (1979). On the Banks of the Slave : a History of the Community of Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. Tourism Committee. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  11. McCormack, Patricia Alice (2010). Fort Chipewyan and the Shaping of Canadian History, 1788-1920s. UBC Press. pp. 75, 80, 128, 141, 199, 286. ISBN 9780774816687. The Hudson's Bay Company launched the Grahame at Fort Chipewyan in 1883 for service on the Athabasca, lower Peace, and upper Slave rivers. This ship could carry 140 tons.... It ran from Fort McMurray to Smith's Landing, up the Clearwater River to the Methye Portage, and up the Peace River to the Vermilion Chutes.
  12. As Long as this Land Shall Last: A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty 11, 1870-1939
  13. Union Bank of Canada, Fort Smith, North West Territories, 1921
  14. On the Banks of the Slave: A History of the Community of Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. Tourism Committee of Fort Smith, Department of Education Northwest Territories, 1979.
  15. "Aurora College". Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  16. "Map of Wood Buffalo National Park". Parks Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  17. "Fort Smith had its hottest day in 80 years: preliminary data". Environment and Climate Change Canada. CBC. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  18. "Daily Data Report for December 1917". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  19. Columbo, John Robert (1995), The 1996 Canadian Global Almanac, Toronto, Ontario: Macmillan Canada, p. 22
  20. "Fort Smith A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Climate ID: 2202200. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  21. "Fort Smith". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  22. "Fort Smith". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  23. "Canadian Climate Normals 1951–1980 Volume 7: Bright Sunshine". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  24. Ninth Census of Canada, 1951 (PDF). Vol. SP-7 (Population: Unincorporated villages and hamlets). Dominion Bureau of Statistics. March 31, 1954. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  25. "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada (PDF). Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. March 8, 1963. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  26. "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada (PDF). Population. Vol. Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. July 1973. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  27. "1976 Census of Canada: Population - Geographic Distributions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. June 1977. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  28. "1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order" (PDF). Statistics Canada. May 1992. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  29. "1986 Census: Population - Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 1987. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  30. "91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1992. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  31. "96 Census: A National Overview - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1997. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  32. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Northwest Territories)". Statistics Canada. August 15, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  33. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Northwest Territories)". Statistics Canada. August 20, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  34. "Corrections and updates: Population and dwelling count amendments, 2011 Census". Statistics Canada. March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  35. "Census Profile, 2016 Census Fort Smith, Town [Census subdivision], Northwest Territories and Region 5, Region [Census division], Northwest Territories". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  36. Population Estimates By Community from the GNWT
  37. "Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Fort Smith)". Elections Canada. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  38. "Mayor and Council". Fortsmith.ca. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  39. "Salt River First Nation". Srfn195.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  40. "First Nation Profiles Akaitcho Territory Government". Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  41. "Akaitcho Territory Government". Daair.gov.nt.ca. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  42. "Salt River parting from Akaitcho First Nation". Cbc.ca. June 30, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  43. "Northwest Territory Métis Nation". Nwtmetisnation.ca. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  44. "Town of Fort Smith (attractions)". Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  45. "South Slave Divisional Education Council". Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  46. "UK Treasury Press Release". Hm-treasury.gov.uk. November 26, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2016.

Notes
  1. Climate data was recorded at Fort Smith from July 1913 to May 1946 and at Fort Smith Airport from September 1943 to present.
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