François de Luxembourg

François de Luxembourg, duc de Piney ( –c. 1613) was a French noble, prince étranger, military commander and diplomat during the latter French Wars of Religion. Born into a sovereign noble family, Piney expected an esteemed place in the French court. He fought for Henri III during the sixth war of religion under the nominal command of the king's brother Alençon seeing combat at La Charité-sur-Loire and Issoire. The following year, 1578, he was elevated as a chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Michel, though he complained frustratedly to the secretary of state about how we was shut out from access to the king's person.

François de Luxembourg
Duke of Piney
Piney's coat of arms
Diedc. 1613
Noble familyHouse of Luxembourg
Spouse(s)Diane de Lorraine (1576-1586)
Marguerite de Lorraine (1599-1613)

In 1581, his lordship of Piney was elevated to a duché-pairie, in a flurry of royal erections for new peers of the realm, making Piney among the most senior members of the nobility. During 1588 Henri, frustrated at the influence the Guise family had over his rule, assassinated the duke of Guise. In the wake of this coup many cities defected from the crown. Approached by royalists in Reims, Henri nominated Piney as the new governor of the city, however this alienated the Catholic ligue which saw him as too royalist, and they joined the ligueur Sainte-Union. When Henri in turn was assassinated on 1 August, Piney quickly swore himself to the Protestant Henri IV, after the king had promised to protect Catholicism. He served Henri as his ambassador to the states of Italia in early 1590, securing Venezia's recognition of Henri IV as king, and receiving a warm reception from the Pope despite his masters Protestantism. He would again serve as ambassador to the Pope in 1598, during Henri's attempt to annul his marriage, though without succeeding in acquiring Papal approval. He died in 1613.[1]

Early life and family

During 1574, Piney pursued a relationship with Louise de Lorraine, the Lorraine family ruling not far from his duchy of Piney. However, upon Henri's return to France from his kingship in the Commonwealth, he took up with Louise, and the two became king and queen. Henri wrote to Piney, to explain that, as he had taken the duke's mistress, in return he offered his own mistress Renée de Rieux.[2] Piney declined the offer of marriage with Renée.[3]

On 8 August 1576 Piney married into the Lorraine family, powerful neighbours of his estates in eastern France. At Meudon he married Diane de Lorraine, sister to the duke of Aumale. Explaining the marriage to a family ally in November, Antoinette de Bourbon, the womans grandmother explained to Jacques, Duke of Nemours that Piney was very rich, was financially solvent and had a nice house and furniture.[4]

Diane died in 1586 and Piney remarried to Marguerite de Lorraine in 1599, the daughter of Nicolas de Lorraine, duke of Mercœur and Joanne de Savoie. Marguerite would outlive her husband, dying in 1625.[5][6]

Reign of Henri III

After the generous Peace of Monsieur which had brought the fifth civil war to a close was broken off and civil war resumed in 1577, the king's brother Alençon, keen to demonstrate his newfound loyalty to the crown, volunteered to lead the royal army against the rebels he had allied with in the previous war. His request was granted and on 7 April he departed Blois with a royal army. Piney joined him for the campaign and fought under his nominal command (though actual command of the army was under the more experienced duke of Nevers. He resultingly fought at the sieges of La Charité-sur-Loire and Issoire, both of which were subjected to brutal sacks for their resistance. The Estates General of 1576 had not however granted Henri any funds for this army, and resultingly it disintegrated due to desertions as the year continued. After Issoire the army was in no condition to continue fighting, and Henri established peace with the Treaty of Bergerac on 17 September 1577.[7]

The following year Henri honoured Piney with an elevation as a chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Michel, the highest order of chivalry in France until it was superseded by his new Ordre du Saint-Esprit in 1578.[8] Despite this high honour, Piney was not particularly close with the king, and he complained to the secretary of state Villeroy that royal grace relied on the physical closeness and presence of the king, and that without it he was unsure how to proceed. Henri administered through a far more cloistered style of governance than his predecessors had.[9]

Henri engaged in a flurry of elevations of lordships to the status of duché-pairie in 1581. Joyeuse was elevated for Anne de Joyeuse in August, the marquisate of Elbeuf for Elbeuf in September, Piney was raised for Piney in October and both Retz and Épernon were raised for Retz and Épernon in November.[10]

With the election of Pope Sixtus V to the pontificate in 1586, Piney was dispatched by Henri as his ambassador to congratulate him.[11]

Reims

Shortly after the assassination of the duke of Guise, many cities in France defected from the king to the cause of the ligue. Reims was not initially among them, and during January 1589, it hung in the balance between ligueur and royalist elements on its council. The royalists dispatched Regnault Feret, the sieur de Montlaurent to the king, to ask him to appoint a governor. Montlaurent wished for Henri to select someone who was seen as a neutral figure, as the ligueur citizens would reject a royalist. Henri selected Piney for the task due to his family ties to the Guise through his marriage.[12] The council of Reims at large received news of Piney's appointment on 27 January and baulked. An investigation was launched into the royalists that had made the request of Henri, while a letter was dispatched to Piney informing him they would not be in need of his services.[13] The ligueurs on the council seized the moment, and on 9 February they ratified their membership of the Sainte Union in an extraordinary session. To rile up the population for this momentous decision, Pineys reply to the council was read out.[14]

Reign of Henri IV

Loyalist

When on 1 August 1589 Henri was murdered, Navarre, now styling himself Henri IV, was in a potentially vulnerable position. Many nobles who had served the Catholic king were unable to stomach the prospect of a Protestant king, and defected from the royal camp. Henri moved to quiet fears of his rule, promising to respect and protect the Catholic church, and to receive teachings in Catholicism in future. This promise was sufficient for a core group of Catholic notables, among them Dinteville, lieutenant-general of Champagne, Marshal Aumont and Biron, the governor of Picardie Longueville and Piney, who swore their allegiance to him.[15] With these declarations ensured, Henri was acclaimed by his soldiers.[16]

In a letter sent to the terzo grandusco di Toscagne explaining the reasoning for Cathlolics to support Henri, Piney was among the signatories.[17]

Ambassador

Henri selected Piney for the sensitive mission of explaining the Catholic support for Henri to the Pope. Piney travelled first to Venezia in December before heading to Mantova and Ferrara to defend Henri. Venezia agreed to recognise Henri IV as king of France at this time, the first Catholic power in Europe to do so, and they dispatched their ambassador to him.[18] He then travelled to Toscagne where he met with Ferdinando in secret to perform much the same mission. Finally he arrived in Roma, and was granted a reception with Pope Sixtus V on 14 January 1590.[11]

Sixtus gave him a comfortable reception, allowing Piney to sit down in his presence, an honour usually reserved for the ambassadors of kings, something Sixtus technically did not recognise Piney as. Piney outlined the royalist narrative of events in the kingdom to the Pope, provided the manifesto of the royalist Catholics and confided in him the promises towards Catholicism Henri had made. After this meeting, the ligueur Conde de Olivares and allied Cardinals attempted to convince Sixtus to have Piney dismissed. However Sixtus refused, and met again with the prince on 19 January.[19]

At their second meeting Piney assured Sixtus that Henri was not a true heretic, and that he was ready to abandon his errors if they were made known to him. He informed the Pope that Henri would even affirm the real presence if necessary. Sixtus was approving of what he heard, an attitude no doubt in part fostered by the military success Henri was experiencing currently after his victory at Arques. With a ligueur victory looking remote, some form of accommodation would be needed with the ruler of a key European kingdom.[19]

Coronation

On 27 February 1594, Henri entered Chartres Cathedral for his coronation. Representing the lay peers for the ceremony were the Bourbon prince Conti, Henri's cousin Montpensier and the prince étranger Piney.[20]

With Henri increasingly distant from his former Protestant co-religionists, he discussed the intimate details of negotiations that were taking place between himself and the Protestant leaders with Piney. Ultimately the famous Edict of Nantes would provide limited toleration to Protestantism.[21]

In February 1598, Henri was moving towards the annulment of his marriage to Marguerite de Valois so that he could marry Marie de Médicis. Piney, in his capacity as ambassador to Rome, returned to the French court empty handed that month, not having secured the Pope's assent, though the Pope had not yet been officially informed of the move, he had been made aware by Cardinal Joyeuse.[22]

Sources
  • Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). Henri IV. Fayard.
  • Carroll, Stuart (2011). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Chevallier, Pierre (1985). Henri III: Roi Shakespearien. Fayard.
  • Constant, Jean-Marie (1996). La Ligue. Fayard.
  • George, Hereford Brooke (1875). Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
  • Jouanna, Arlette (1998). Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion. Bouquins.
  • Konnert, Mark (2006). Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion: The Towns of Champagne, the Duc de Guise and the Catholic League 1560-1595. Ashgate.
  • Le Roux, Nicolas (2000). La Faveur du Roi: Mignons et Courtisans au Temps des Derniers Valois. Champ Vallon.
  • Le Roux, Nicolas (2006). Un Régicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III. Gallimard.

References
  1. Jouanna 1998, p. 1508.
  2. Chevallier 1985, p. 281.
  3. Chevallier 1985, p. 443.
  4. Carroll 2011, p. 221, 328.
  5. Le Roux 2000, p. 486.
  6. George 1875, p. table XXX.
  7. Le Roux 2000, p. 317.
  8. Le Roux 2000, p. 201.
  9. Le Roux 2000, p. 279.
  10. Le Roux 2000, p. 466.
  11. Le Roux 2006, p. 324.
  12. Konnert 2006, p. 215.
  13. Konnert 2006, p. 216.
  14. Konnert 2006, p. 217.
  15. Le Roux 2006, p. 292.
  16. Babelon 2009, p. 457.
  17. Le Roux 2006, p. 413.
  18. Babelon 2009, p. 464.
  19. Le Roux 2006, p. 325.
  20. Constant 1996, p. 430.
  21. Jouanna 1998, p. 411.
  22. Babelon 2009, p. 659.
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