Francoise Baylis

Françoise Elvina Baylis CM ONS FRSC FISC (born 1961) is a Canadian bioethicist whose work is at the intersection of applied ethics, health policy, and practice. The focus of her research is on issues of women's health and assisted reproductive technologies, but her research and publication record also extend to such topics as research involving humans (including human embryo research), gene editing, novel genetic technologies, public health, the role of bioethics consultants, and neuroethics.[1] Baylis' interest in the impact of bioethics on health and public policy[2][3] as well as her commitment to citizen engagement]and participatory democracy sees her engage with print, radio, television,[4] and other online publications.[5][6][7]

Francoise Baylis

CM ONS FRSC
Born
Françoise Elvina Baylis

1961 (age 61–62)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Alma materMcGill University,
University of Western Ontario
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
InstitutionsUniversity of Tennessee,
University of Toronto,
Dalhousie University,
Main interests
bioethics, applied ethics, health policy
Websitehttps://francoisebaylis.ca/

Education

Baylis' education includes a Certificate of Bilingualism from Laurentian University (1981), Political Science degree (BA, First Class Honours) from McGill University (1983), followed by an MA (Philosophy, 1984) and PhD (Philosophy, specialization Bioethics, 1989) from the University of Western Ontario.[8] The title of her PhD thesis is "The ethics of ex utero research on spare IVF human embryos"[9] and was completed under the supervision of Benjamin Freedman. In the thesis[9] she introduced (at the time) a "novel ethical distinction between viable and non-viable human embryos."[10] Her concept of "non-viable embryos"[9][11] as acceptable objects for research is still referenced today.[12]

Career

In 1996 Baylis was hired on at Dalhousie University as an Associate Professor in the Office of Bioethics Education and Research (later the Department of Bioethics), and in 2004 became Professor and Canada Research Chair in Bioethics and Philosophy.[13] In 2007, she became an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada[14] and the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.[15] She previously served as an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville as well as a Lecturer with the Departments of Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Rehabilitation Medicine with the University of Toronto (1991-1993) and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology with the University of Western Ontario (1989-1991). Her early employment also included working as an Ethics Consultant to the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies[16] and as a Clinical Ethics Consultant at hospitals in London ON, Toronto ON, Knoxville TN, and Halifax NS.[8]

Baylis is currently Distinguished Research Professor Emerita, Dalhousie University, having retired from her academic appointment as Professor with the Faculty of Medicine and cross-appointment to the Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Philosophy (Dalhousie University).[17] Baylis is the founder and leader (since 2003) of Novel Tech Ethics,[18] now renamed NTE Impact Ethics, an interdisciplinary research team based at Dalhousie University (with some international collaborators) that does research at the intersection of health, bioethics, and public policy.[2]

Notable achievements during her career include: being named to the "Who's Who in Black Canada" (2002–present)[19] and to "Canadian Who's Who" (2004–present);[20] three Governor-in-Council appointments, including member of the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee (1999-2001),[21] member of Governing Council, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2001-2004)[8] and member of the Board of Directors, Assisted Human Reproduction Canada (2006-2010);[8] Royal Society of Canada Academic Secretary (Academy I) and Atlantic Steering Committee Chair (2012-2015);[8] and Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in Bioethics and Philosophy (2004-2018).[8][13]

Research

Baylis has been the principal investigator on eleven[22] Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grants (totaling more than $2.4 million), including a New Emerging Team grant, States of Mind: Emerging Issues in Neuroethics. In total, since 1990 she has secured greater than $2.8 million in research funding as a Principal Investigator, > $1.8 million as a Co-Principal- or Co-Investigator, and >$2 million as a Collaborator, Project Advisor or Team Member.[8][22] As such, her track record in getting support for health ethics research is likely to be unusually successful, especially for someone trained in the humanities.[23]

Fields of research

Baylis has made numerous contributions to the development of public policy on various assisted human reproduction topics[8] – often the only invited Canadian participant in policy discussions in Europe and elsewhere. Most recently, her reputation garnered an invitation from the US National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine to join the Planning Committee for an International Summit on Human Gene Editing.[24] Baylis led one of the two Canadian Institutes of Health Research-funded neuroethics teams from 2006–2011.[25][26] Through that six-year program, she helped to head the development of a new field for Canada.[27] She also co-chaired the first international neuroethics conference (Brain Matters I) in Halifax in 2009,[28] which has developed into an annual or sometimes bi-annual conference ever since. Beyond her research contributions in the realm of assisted reproductive technologies[29] (including contemporary family-making[30][31]) and women's health in general,[32][33][34] Baylis is counted as making contributions to several additional, specific areas of scholarly inquiry:

  • Research on bioethics consultants – her early scholarly work[35][36] with The Health Care Ethics Consultant "represents a critical assessment of both theoretical and practical issues facing practitioners in ethics consultation".[37] This work informed the original standards for ethics consultation[38] prepared by the Society for Health and Human Values – Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation. This was published under the title Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation, The Report of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (1st edition).[39] It is now available in its second edition.[40]
  • Research involving children,[41][42] research involving women,[33][34][43][44][45] and research involving pregnant women[46][47][48][49] – her research in these three areas looks past the immediate threats of vulnerability, which would presume the non-involvement of these research populations, in order: (i) to: ask why it is important to do research for children, women, and pregnant women; and, (ii) to make sure that this research proceeds on an ethical basis;
  • Research surrounding questions of intergenerational justice – her scholarly focus on questions of intergenerational justice[50] has sought to ensure that societal and policy choices about whether and how to pursue new technologies, such as stem cell research,[51][52] animal-human hybrids and chimeras,[43][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] or, most recently, embryonic gene editing techniques,[61][62][63] give consideration to the potential consequences of those choices, not only consequences in the near term, but also for future generations;[64] and,
  • Research about conscientious objection in the practice of medicine – her work in this area[65] (for example, as to whether appeals to conscience can justify refusals to provide medical services on the part of a healthcare practitioners) has relevance both for access to abortion[66] and medical assistance in dying. Her research, with colleagues Carolyn McLeod, Jocelyn Downie, and Daniel Weinstock, has been to find ways to govern medical practice so that it is both fair ("right") and morally effective ("good").[66]

Building research capacity and research communities

Baylis has also assumed responsibilities for building and maintaining national and international research communities. She was one of the original co-coordinators and advisory board members, as well as the chair of the nominating committee[8] for Feminist Approaches to Bioethics[67] (FAB) – an international network of feminist bioethics researchers. In this regard, Baylis’ work has helped to ensure a venue for publication of feminist bioethics authors with the International Journal of FAB. Moreover, her efforts on behalf of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics (FAB) have fostered community-building among feminist bioethics academics and practitioners as exemplified through FAB's bi-annual World Congress (held in association with International Association of Bioethics meetings). Baylis has also played a role in fostering and helping to direct the health science research community in Canada. She served on the governing councils of the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee (1999-2001), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2001-2004), and Assisted Human Reproduction Canada (2006-2010).[8] She is known for having advanced the integration of ethics[68] within these agencies and the protection of human research participants.[69] She is also known as an opponent of institutional choices and practices that abet "structural conflict of interest regarding the funding of research and the governance of research ethics."[70][71][72][73][74]

Informing public policy and debate

As a contributor to feminist ethics,[44][45][75] Baylis' orientation stresses the political dimensions of doing bioethics, using one's expertise to impact public policy in the hopes of furthering moral and social progress—in the hopes "to make the world a better place."[76] Baylis has authored and co-authored reports for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (for example, regarding the status of scientific researchers).[8] As an example of her efforts at shaping public policy, she has prepared expert testimony for a number of Courts and Canadian Parliamentary Committees for a diversity of bioethics issues,[77][78] including ethics in the context of clinical trials[79][80] and governance of assisted human reproduction.[10]

As Baylis' academic career has progressed, the public character of her work, beyond its immediate relevance to public policy, has increased. She is a proclaimed advocate against social injustice,[13] especially regarding the disproportionate burdens placed upon women as a result of assisted reproductive technologies[81] or by virtue of the exclusion of pregnant women from clinical research.[82] For more than a decade she has sought to engage directly with various publics through public education initiatives, media interviews, and social media (@ImpactEthics).[1] Recently, she was appointed to the Order of Canada "for her contributions as a champion of health-care ethics in Canada and for creating forums to discuss current medical-ethics issues."[83] Baylis understands her duties as an academic to help build and cultivate informed, public debate in order to improve the quality of democracy.[76] Speaking as the leader of the NTE Impact Ethics research group she has said: "Our big-picture goal is to support democracy by helping people to understand what the issues are and what is at stake and how they can then think about and position themselves vis-à-vis the science."[76] Her efforts to build ethics literacy at both the local, national, and international level are evidenced through more than a decade of public education and public engagement with NTE Impact Ethics Events.

Since 2011, Baylis has used her second tenure as a Canada Research Chair to focus on "developing new strategies that would allow bioethicists to make just and lasting policy contributions."[13] As coined by Baylis, "impact ethics" is about "question[ing] the status quo in health care", "mak[ing] science subservient to the human good", "mak[ing] public institutions more responsive, accountable, and just", and "critiqu[ing] professional bioethics."[84] Her research projects on "impact ethics"[85] include an emphasis on knowledge translation and mobilization which aim to implement in policy and practice a bioethics that is "responsible", "accountable" and "innovative"[3]—a bioethics that can "make a difference"[3] in serving the public by requiring from those who work in the field to act with "integrity and sensitivity to the real world of healthcare delivery, policy-making and politics."[85] A specific arm of these various projects is the Impact Ethics blog[84] which publishes submissions from a range of authors (students and faculty, academics, and writers outside of academia) with various perspectives on a diversity of subjects for bioethical debate. As Baylis summarizes it: "Impact ethics is about using the tools of ethics to shock, press, crack, and chip society into a better place. It is about outcomes, and ordering the study of ethics around changing things for the better."[84]

Select research publications

Awards and honours

On June 30, 2016, Baylis was appointed to the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "her contributions as a champion of health-care ethics in Canada and for creating forums for discussing current medical-ethics issues."[83] Other awards and honours include:

References
  1. "Françoise Baylis". NTE Impact Ethics. Dalhousie University. 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  2. "About NTE: Impact Ethics". NTE Impact Ethics. Dalhousie University. 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  3. Baylis, Françoise (4 April 2013). "Impact ethics: Making a difference". Impact Ethics. Blog at WordPress.com. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  4. Belluco, Joanne (2015). "Françoise Baylis : Bioéthicienne". Carte de Visite. TFO. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  5. "@NEJM Ask the Authors & Experts: Mitochondrial replacement techniques – Implications for the clinical community". NEJM Group Open Forum. New England Journal of Medicine. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  6. Baylis, Françoise (8 December 2014). "Will Quebec's cut to IVF funding lead to more multiple pregnancies?". Healthy Debate. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  7. "Articles by Françoise Baylis". The Hastings Center. 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  8. Baylis, Françoise (June 2019). "Curriculum vitae". NTE Impact Ethics. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  9. Baylis, Françoise Elvina (1989). "The ethics of ex utero research on spare 'IVF' human embryos". Digitized Theses. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  10. Baylis, Françoise. (August 2006). The Regulation of Assisted Human Reproductive Technologies and Related Research: A Public Health, Safety and Morality Argument. Written Expert Testimony for the federal government of Canada in the matter of Attorney General of Quebec v. Attorney General of Canada. Province of Quebec Court of Appeal. No. 500-09-015177-041 C.A, p.1
  11. Baylis, Françoise E. (1990-10-01). "The ethics of ex utero research on spare 'non-viable' IVF human embryos". Bioethics. 4 (4): 311–329. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.1990.tb00094.x. ISSN 0269-9702. PMID 11649274.
  12. Claiborne, A., English, R., & Kahn, J. (eds.); Committee on the Ethical and Social Policy Considerations of Novel Techniques for Prevention of Maternal Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA Diseases; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social, and Policy Considerations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  13. "Francoise Baylis". chairs-chaires.gc.ca. Government of Canada. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  14. Françoise Baylis – Fellows Search. The Royal Society of Canada. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  15. Fellows Directory, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Archived 2017-05-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  16. Baylis, Françoise (1993). "Assisted reproductive technologies: Informed choice" in New Reproductive Technologies: Ethical Aspects Vol.1 of the Research Studies of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa, ON: Minister of Supply and Services Canada. pp. 47–147. ISBN 978-0662213758.
  17. "Dalhousie University, Department of Philosophy, Department Members, Emeritus & Adjuncts: Dr. Françoise Baylis". Dalhousie University (dal.ca). Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  18. Krahn, T. (2009). Novel Tech Ethics Archived 2013-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. SCRIPTed, 6:3, 741-746. Retrieved: 24 June 2016.
  19. Dr. Françoise Baylis. Black in Canada. Retrieved: 23 June 2016.
  20. Canadian Who's Who. Retrieved: 24 June 2016.
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  23. Halevi, Gali (March 2013). "Trends in Arts & Humanities funding 2004-2012". Research Trends. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  24. "Françoise Baylis – International summit on gene editing". The Royal Society of Canada. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  25. "Therapeutic hopes and ethical concerns: Clinical research in the neurosciences from: 2005-10-01 to: 2009-09-30". Canadian Research Information System. CIHR. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  26. "States of mind: Emerging issues in neuroethics". Canadian Research Information System. CIHR. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  27. "Mid-term evaluation of the Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (INMHA)". Canadian Institutes of Health Research. December 2005. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
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  30. Baylis, Françoise (2013-06-01). "The ethics of creating children with three genetic parents". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 26 (6): 531–534. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.03.006. ISSN 1472-6491. PMID 23608245.
  31. Baylis, Françoise; McLeod, Carolyn, eds. (2014-07-03). Family-MakingContemporary: Ethical Challenges - Oxford Scholarship. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656066.001.0001. ISBN 9780191757099.
  32. "Search results: (women's health[MeSH Terms]) AND Baylis, Francoise". Pub Med. NCBI. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  33. Baylis, Françoise (2009-01-01). "For love or money? The saga of Korean women who provided eggs for embryonic stem cell research". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 30 (5): 385–396. doi:10.1007/s11017-009-9118-0. ISSN 1573-0980. PMID 19787440. S2CID 33855953.
  34. Baylis, Françoise (1996). "Women and health research: working for change". The Journal of Clinical Ethics. 7 (3): 229–242. doi:10.1086/JCE199607306. ISSN 1046-7890. PMID 8981194. S2CID 30601976.
  35. Sherwin, Susan; Baylis, Francoise (2003-04-01). "The feminist health care ethics consultant as architect and advocate". Public Affairs Quarterly. 17 (2): 141–158. ISSN 0887-0373. PMID 14552295.
  36. Scofield, Giles R.; Baylis, Françoise; Des Brisay, Jeanne; Freedman, Benjamin; Lowenstein, Larry; Shirwin, Susan (1994-11-01). "The Health Care Ethics Consultant, Françoise Baylis, ed". HEC Forum. 6 (6): 363–376. doi:10.1007/BF01439312. ISSN 0956-2737. PMID 11645291. S2CID 32995058.
  37. Reviews of The Health Care Ethics Consultant. 1994. ISBN 9780896032781. Retrieved 6 July 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
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  39. Society for Health and Human Values – Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation (1998). Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation: The Report of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. Glenview, IL: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. pp. 1, footnote #2: "We are indebted to the Strategic Research Network on Health Care Ethics Consultation project, which was funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for the idea of looking at the skills, knowledge, and character traits that are important for health care consultation. This project resulted in The Health Care Ethics Consultant (Baylis, 1994) which was made available to members of this Task Force at the outset of the project".
  40. "Core Competencies in Healthcare Ethics Consultation, 2nd Edition". Glenview, IL: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  41. Baylis, Françoise; Downie, Jocelyn; Kenny, Nuala (1999-08-01). "Children and decisionmaking in health research". IRB: Ethics & Human Research. 21 (4): 5–10. doi:10.2307/3564418. ISSN 0193-7758. JSTOR 3564418. PMID 11660758.
  42. Baylis, Françoise (1999-02-01). "Mandating research with children". IRB: Ethics & Human Research. 21 (1): 10–11. ISSN 0193-7758. PMID 11657966.
  43. Baylis, Francoise (2008-12-01). "Animal eggs for stem cell research: a path not worth taking". The American Journal of Bioethics. 8 (12): 18–32. doi:10.1080/15265160802559161. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 19085470. S2CID 23240219.
  44. Sherwin, S., Baylis, F., Bell, M., De Koninck, M, Downie, J., Lippman, A., Lock, M., Mitchinson, W., Pauly Morgan, K., Mosher, J., Parish, B. (1998). The Politics of Women's Health. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1566396332.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. Baylis, Françoise, Downie, Jocelyn, & Sherwin, Susan (1999). Women and health research: From theory, to practice, to policy. In A. Donchin & L. Purdy (Eds.), Embodying Bioethics: Recent Feminist Advances. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 253–268. ISBN 978-0847689255.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. Baylis, Françoise (2010-06-10). "Pregnant women deserve better". Nature. 465 (7299): 689–690. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..689B. doi:10.1038/465689a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20535185. S2CID 4381025.
  47. Kaposy, Chris; Baylis, Francoise (2011-05-01). "The common rule, pregnant women, and research: no need to "rescue" that which should be revised". The American Journal of Bioethics. 11 (5): 60–62. doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.578704. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 21534157. S2CID 27962456.
  48. Baylis, Françoise; Halperin, Scott A (2012-02-01). "Research involving pregnant women: trials and tribulations". Clinical Investigation. 2 (2): 139–146. doi:10.4155/cli.11.178. ISSN 2041-6792.
  49. Baylis, Françoise & Ballantyne, Angela (Eds.) (2016). Clinical Research Involving Pregnant Women. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-26512-4.
  50. "2007 New Fellow Citations" (PDF). Academy of the Arts and Humanities. McMaster University. 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  51. Baylis, Françoise; Downie, Jocelyn (2012-01-01). "Unfinished business: ongoing ethical exceptionalism in the oversight of human pluripotent stem cell research in Canada". Accountability in Research. 19 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1080/08989621.2012.638595. ISSN 1545-5815. PMID 22268502. S2CID 9534279.
  52. Bretzner, Frédéric; Gilbert, Frédéric; Baylis, Françoise; Brownstone, Robert M. (2011-05-06). "Target populations for first-in-human embryonic stem cell research in spinal cord injury". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (5): 468–475. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.04.012. ISSN 1875-9777. PMID 21549321.
  53. Baylis, Françoise (2009-03-01). "The HFEA public consultation process on hybrids and chimeras: informed, effective, and meaningful?". Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 19 (1): 41–62. doi:10.1353/ken.0.0273. ISSN 1054-6863. PMID 19306696. S2CID 25099284.
  54. Baylis, Françoise (2008-12-01). "Choosing a path: setting a course for the journey". The American Journal of Bioethics. 8 (12): W4–6. doi:10.1080/15265160802659367. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 19085464. S2CID 25405863.
  55. Baylis, Françoise; Robert, Jason Scott (2007-05-01). "Part-human chimeras: worrying the facts, probing the ethics". The American Journal of Bioethics. 7 (5): 41–45. doi:10.1080/15265160701290397. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 17497503. S2CID 37300599.
  56. Baylis, Françoise; Fenton, Andrew (2007-01-01). "Chimera research and stem cell therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 16 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1017/s0963180107070211. ISSN 0963-1801. PMID 17539471. S2CID 32672614.
  57. Robert, Jason Scott; Baylis, Françoise (2005-12-01). "Stem cell politics: the NAS prohibitions pack more bark than bite". The Hastings Center Report. 35 (6): 15–16. doi:10.1353/hcr.2005.0114. ISSN 0093-0334. PMID 16396199. S2CID 40984773.
  58. Robert, Jason Scott; Baylis, Francoise (2003-01-01). "A response to commentators on "Crossing species boundaries"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): W–C6. doi:10.1162/152651603322874852. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 14735889. S2CID 29008078.
  59. Robert, Jason Scott; Baylis, Françoise (2003-01-01). "Crossing species boundaries". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 1–13. doi:10.1162/15265160360706417. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 14594461. S2CID 41847933.
  60. Baylis, Francoise (2002-01-01). "Betwixt and between human stem cell guidelines and legislation". Health Law Review. 11 (1): 44–50. ISSN 1188-8725. PMID 15739317.
  61. Baylis, Françoise & Rossant, Janet (12 February 2016). "This CRISPR moment". The Walrus. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
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  70. "Ethics at CIHR". NTE Impact Ethics. Dalhousie University. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  71. Henderson, Mark (13 March 2014). "Key Task Force recommendation rejected: CIHR's management's plans for ethics come under fire from ethics researchers" (PDF). Research Money, 28(4): 1-4. NTE Impact Ethics, Dalhousie University. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  72. "Pharmaceutical companies and CIHR". NTE Impact Ethics. Dalhousie University. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  73. "Governance of research". NTE Impact Ethics. Dalhousie University. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
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  75. McLeod, Carolyn; Baylis, Francoise (2006-01-01). "Feminists on the inalienability of human embryos". Hypatia. 21 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1353/hyp.2005.0147. ISSN 0887-5367. PMID 17111554.
  76. Reeder, Matt (6 July 2016). "Bioethicist Françoise Baylis appointed to the Order of Canada". Dal News. Dalhousie University. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  77. Baylis, F. (2000-01-01). "Expert testimony by persons trained in ethical reasoning: the case of Andrew Sawatzky". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 28 (3): 224–231. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00663.x. ISSN 1073-1105. PMID 11210372. S2CID 28971882.
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  79. Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology (November 2012). "Canada's Clinical Trial Infrastructure" (PDF). Senate Canada. Government of Canada.
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  81. "Standing Committee on Health". Parliamentary Business - Evidence. Parliament of Canada. 31 May 2001. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
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  83. Globe and Mail Staff (30 June 2016). "Canada's Honour Roll". Globe and Mail.
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